Как правильно написать хакасия

Федеральные СМИ часто пишут слово «Хакасия» с двойной «с». Или вместо «хакасы» – «хакассы». В Национальной библиотеке имени Н.Г. Доможакова пояснили, как правильно писать слова: «Хакасия», «хакасы», «Республика Хакасия».

Библиотекари обратились к истории. До 1917 года коренное население нынешней Хакасии называли минусинские, абаканские, ачинские татары. В китайских летописях население, проживающее на территории современной Хакасии, называли – «хягасы». Это название народа предложили взять за основу лидером первых съездов хакасского народа Степаном Майнагашевым. На втором съезде с 10 по 30 июня 1917 года решили объединить Минусинских и Ачинских инородцев под общим названием – «хакасы».

— В первые годы советской власти, в связи с неустоявшимися нормами письменного хакасского языка и общей неграмотностью населения, применялись различные варианты написания слова «Хакасия» и производных от него. Как правило, в официальных документах, брошюрах и газетах писали двойную «с», т. е. «Хакассия». В минусинской газете «Власть труда» встречался вариант «хаккасского». При переходе хакасского алфавита на латиницу (1929–1939) тенденция по написанию двойной «с» была сохранена, — отметили в нацбиблиотеке.

В 1953 году на конференции языковедов в Хакасском научно-исследовательском институте языка, литературы и истории было принято решение, что в соответствии с «орфографией хакасского литературного языка установлено новое написание слов «хакас» и «Хакасия» и производных от них. В коренных хакасских словах никогда не встречаются в одном слоге две одинаковых согласных. Поэтому нельзя писать «хакасс», «Хакассия», а следует писать «хакас», «Хакасия» и производные от них: «Хакаслес», «Хакасзолото».

В конце марта 1954 года центральная газета Хакасской автономной области вышла впервые с названием «Советская Хакасия», сменив старое название «Советская Хакассия».

Спустя время некоторые гости ошибаются в написании названия субъекта, а жители удивляются, что когда-то было принято писать «Хакассия».

Часто задают вопрос: как правильно пишется слово «Хакасия» на английском языке? Нормой принято считать с двойной «s» – «Khakassia», потому что этот вариант применяется в установившейся практике англоязычного перевода.

С прописной буквы писать слово «Республика Хакасия» или нет? Республика Хакасия – официальное название субъекта федерации, и слово «республика» пишется с прописной, также как в случае «Российская Федерация».

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Republic of Khakassia
Republic
Республика Хакасия
Other transcription(s)
• Khakas	Хакас Республиказы
Flag Coat of arms
Anthem: Xakas gįmn (State Anthem of the Republic of Khakassia) [3]
Coordinates: 53°30′N 90°00′E / 53.500°N 90.000°ECoordinates: 53°30′N 90°00′E / 53.500°N 90.000°E
Country	Russia
Federal district	Siberian[1]
Economic region	East Siberian[2]
Capital	Abakan
Government
• Body	Supreme Council[4]
• Head[6]	Valentin Konovalov[5]
Area [7]
• Total	61,900 km2 (23,900 sq mi)
• Rank	46th
Population  (2010 Census)[8]
• Total	532,403
• Estimate  (2018)[9]	537,513 (+1%)
• Rank	70th
• Density	8.6/km2 (22/sq mi)
• Urban	67.3%
• Rural	32.7%
Time zone	UTC+7 (MSK+4 [10])
ISO 3166 code	RU-KK
License plates	19
OKTMO ID	95000000
Official languages	Russian;[11] Khakas[12]
Website	www.r-19.ru

Khakassia (Russian: Хакасия; Khakas: Хакасия, Хакас Чирі, Xakasiya, Xakas Çirë), officially the Republic of Khakassia,^{[note 1]} is a republic of Russia located in southern Siberia. Its capital and largest city is Abakan. As of the 2010 Census, the republic’s population was 532,403.^[8]

Geography[edit]

The republic is located in the southwestern part of Eastern Siberia and borders Krasnoyarsk Krai in the north and east, the Tuva Republic in the southeast and south, the Altai Republic in the south and southwest, and Kemerovo Oblast in the west and northwest. It stretches for 460 kilometers (290 mi) from north to south and for 200 kilometers (120 mi) from east to west. Mountains (eastern slopes of Kuznetsk Alatau and the Abakan Range) cover two-thirds of the republic’s territory and serve as the natural boundaries of the republic. The highest point is Kyzlasov Peak. The remaining territory is flat, with the Minusinsk Hollow being the most prominent feature. The Yenisei is the largest river in the republic. Other significant rivers include the Abakan, Tom’, Bely Iyus, Black Iyus, and the Chulym (between the Yenisei and the eastern mountains), with all except the Abakan part of the Ob river basin. There are over three hundred lakes in the republic, both salt- and fresh-water. Climate is continental, with the average annual temperature of 0 °C (32 °F). Natural resources are abundant and include iron, gold, silver, coal, oil, and natural gas. Molybdenum deposits are the largest in Russia. Forests cover the south and the west of the republic.

History[edit]

The territory of modern Khakassia formed the core of the Yenisei Kirghiz state from the 6th century CE. In the 13th century, following defeat by the Mongols, the majority of the Kyrgyz people migrated southwest to Central Asia to the area of present-day Kyrgyzstan. Modern Khakas people regard themselves as the descendants of those Kyrgyz who remained in Siberia. Khakassia was incorporated into the Russian state under Peter the Great (r. 1682–1725).^[14]
This incorporation was confirmed in a treaty — the Treaty of Burya [ru] — between Russia and China in 1729. As it was common to deport convicted criminals from European Russia to Siberia, forts were quickly constructed in Khakassia (1707 and 1718). Many prisoners remained even after release. Many of the indigenous Khakas people converted to the Russian Orthodox faith and gradually abandoned their nomadic way of life.

By the time of the 1917 Russian Revolution, Russians made up approximately half of the population. Under Soviet rule, autonomy was granted on 20 October 1930, when the Khakas Autonomous Oblast was established. The borders of the autonomous oblast are the same as the borders of the modern Khakas Republic.

During the 1920s and 1930s, the Soviet authorities resettled an estimated quarter of a million Russians in the region. These were followed by 10,000 Volga Germans deported during World War II. By the time of the 1959 Census, ethnic Khakas people represented little more than 10% of the population of the Khakas oblast.

Until 1991, the Khakas Autonomous Oblast was administratively subordinated to Krasnoyarsk Krai. In July 1991, it was elevated in status to that of a Soviet socialist republic within the Russian Federation, and in February 1992 it became the Republic of Khakassia.

Administrative divisions[edit]

Demographics[edit]

Population: 532,403 (2010 Census);^[8] 546,072 (2002 Census);^[15] 568,605 (1989 Census).^[16]

Vital statistics[edit]

Source: Russian Federal State Statistics Service

In 2007, the republic recorded a positive natural increase of population for the first time in many years (Although very small, less than +0.01% per year), being one of the 20 Russian regions to have a positive natural population growth rate.^[17][18][19]

Ethnic groups[edit]

According to the 2021 Russian Census,^[20] ethnic Russians make up 82.1% of the republic’s population, while the ethnic Khakas are only 12.7%. Other groups include ethnic Germans (0.7%), Tuvans (0.5%), Ukrainians (0.4%), and a host of smaller groups, each accounting for less than 0.5% of the total population.

Religion[edit]

According to a 2012 survey,^[22] 31.6% of the population of Khakassia adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church, 6% are unaffiliated Christians, 1% are Orthodox Christian believers without belonging to any church or are members of other (non-Russian) Orthodox churches. 2% of the population adheres to Slavic native faith (Rodnovery) or Khakas Tengrism and folk religion, 1% to Islam, 1% to forms of Protestantism, 0.4% to forms of Hinduism (Vedism, Krishnaism or Tantrism) and another 0.4% to Tibetan Buddhism. In addition, 38% of the population declares to be «spiritual but not religious», 16% is atheist, and 2.6% follows other religions or did not give an answer to the question.^[22]

Economy[edit]

The main industries in the republic are coal mining, ore mining, and timber.

Transport[edit]

The road network is most developed around the major cities of the centre, west, and southwest.
Federal highway R-257 runs through Khakassia. Other major highways include the regional highway A161 south from R-257 in Abakan along the Abakan valley to Abaza and across the mountains to Ak-Dovurak (Tuva). The most developed sections of roads are Abakan — Sayanogorsk, Abakan — Beya, Abakan — Abaza, Abakan — Sorsk, Bograd — Shira — Kopyevo, and Kopyevo — Priiskovy.
Roads to other smaller settlements are mainly dirt roads, although they are currently being replaced with a hard surface.

663 km of railways, electrified from Abakan to Kaltas. Other non-electrified sections are Tigey — Kopievo, Askiz — Abaza, Biskamzha — Toya.

The section of the Tigey-Kopyёvo railway and further to Uzhur, Achinsk connects two railway arteries: the Trans-Siberian Railway and Yuzhsib (South-Siberian: Taishet — Abakan — Novokuznetsk — Artyshta — Barnaul — Kulunda — Pavlodar — Astana — Tobol — Kartaly — Magnitogorsk). In addition to Abakan, the central station is Biskamzha. The city of Sayanogorsk is connected to the railway network through the station Kamyshta.

Airports: Abakan International Airport has regular flights to Moscow, Norilsk, Novosibirsk, Tomsk, and Krasnoyarsk.

Sports[edit]

Sayany-Khakassia^[24] has been playing in the highest division of Russian bandy, the Russian Bandy Super League, for a long time, but was relegated after the 2012–13 season. Now they play in the 2nd highest division.

Views of Khakassia[edit]

• 

  A view in Khakassia.

• 

  A megalith near the village of Safronov, Khakassia.

• 

  Sunset near the town of Askiz, Khakassia.

• 

  Rapeseed field in Khakassia.

• 

  Bely Iyus river.

See also[edit]

• List of Chairmen of the Supreme Council of Khakassia
• Music in Khakassia
• Altai-Sayan region

Notes[edit]

References[edit]

Sources[edit]

• Верховный Совет Республики Хакасия. №45 25 мая 1995 г. «Конституция Республики Хакасия», в ред. Конституционного закона №19-ЗРХ от 8 апреля 2015 г. «О внесении изменений в Конституцию Республики Хакасия». Вступил в силу 30 июня 1995 г. Опубликован: «Вестник Хакасии», №25, 1995. (Supreme Council of the Republic of Khakassia. #45 May 25, 1995 Constitution of the Republic of Khakassia, as amended by the Constitutional Law #19-ZRKh of April 8, 2015 On Amending the Constitution of the Republic of Khakassia. Effective as of June 30, 1995.).
• Верховный Совет РСФСР. Закон №1539-I от 1923 г. «О порядке преобразования Адыгейской, Горно-Алтайской, Карачаево-Черкесской и Хакасской автономных областей в Советские Социалистические Республики в составе РСФСР». (Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR. Law #1539-I of July 3, 1923 On the Process of Transformation of Adyghe, Mountain Altai, Karachay-Cherkess, and Khakass Autonomous Oblasts into Soviet Socialist Republics Within the RSFSR. ).
• Верховный Совет Республики Хакасия. Закон №06-ЗРХ от 11 февраля 2015 г. «О государственном гимне Республики Хакасия». Вступил в силу 14 февраля 2015 г. Опубликован: «Хакасия», №26, 14 февраля 2015 г. (Supreme Council of the Republic of Khakassia. Law #06-ZRKh of February 11, 2015 On the State Anthem of the Republic of Khakassia. Effective as of February 14, 2015.).