Как пишется тбилиси на английском языке

тбилиси

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    Тбилиси

    Русско-английский синонимический словарь > Тбилиси

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    Тбилиси

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    Тбилиси

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    Тбилиси

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    Тбилиси

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    Тбилиси

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    Тбилиси

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    (г.) Тбилиси

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    баку-Тбилиси-Джейхан

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    г. Тбилиси

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    пакет тендерной документации по трубопроводу Баку-Тбилиси-Сейхан

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    проект Баку-Тбилиси-Джейхан

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    трасса Баку-Тбилиси-Джейхан

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > трасса Баку-Тбилиси-Джейхан

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    трубопровод Баку-Тбилиси-Джейхан (БТД)

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    трубопровод Баку-Тбилиси-Джейхан

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  • 16
    трубопровод сырой нефти Баку-Тбилиси-Сейхан

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > трубопровод сырой нефти Баку-Тбилиси-Сейхан

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    БТД

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > БТД

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    Тб.

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Тб.

См. также в других словарях:

  • Тбилиси — столица Грузии. Название Тбилиси впервые упоминается в IV в.; его появление связывают с наличием в городе теплых серных источников (груз. тбили теплый ). Древняя форма названия Тпилиси, из нее образованы названия города, принятые у других народов …   Географическая энциклопедия

  • Тбилиси — Тбилиси. Река Кура и Метехский собор (заложен в 1278 году). ТБИЛИСИ (до 1936 Тифлис), столица Грузии, на реке Кура. 1283 тыс. жителей. Железнодорожный узел. Метрополитен (1966). Машиностроение (станки, электровозы, приборы, сельскохозяйственные… …   Иллюстрированный энциклопедический словарь

  • Тбилиси —         столица Грузинской ССР. Известен с IV в., столица Грузии с XII в. Вытянут узкой полосой почти на 30 км в долине р. Кура и по прилегающим склонам гор. В юго восточной части Тбилиси находится его древнее ядро Старый город с узкими улицами,… …   Художественная энциклопедия

  • ТБИЛИСИ — (до 1936 Тифлис), столица Грузии, на реке Кура. 1283 тыс. жителей. Железнодорожный узел. Метрополитен (1966). Машиностроение (станки, электровозы, приборы, сельскохозяйственные машины, электротехническая аппаратура и др.), легкая (текстильная,… …   Современная энциклопедия

  • ТБИЛИСИ — (до 1936 в русской транскрипции Тифлис) столица Грузии, на р. Кура. Железнодорожный узел. 1279 тыс. жителей (1991; включая населенные пункты, подчиненные городской администрации, 1283 тыс. жителей). Машиностроение (производство станков,… …   Большой Энциклопедический словарь

  • тбилиси — Тифлис Словарь русских синонимов. тбилиси сущ., кол во синонимов: 3 • город (2765) • столица …   Словарь синонимов

  • Тбилиси — У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Тбилиси (значения). Город Тбилиси თბილისი …   Википедия

  • Тбилиси — (до 1936 в русской транскрипции Тифлис)         столица Грузинской ССР. Крупный индустриальный, научный и культурный центральный транспортный узел. Расположен в Тбилисской котловине, вдоль обоих берегов р. Куры, на высоте 406 522 м. Средняя… …   Большая советская энциклопедия

  • ТБИЛИСИ — ГРУЗИЯ Тбилиси (до 1936 года в русской транскрипции Тифлис), столица Грузии, расположен в долине реки Кура в горах Кавказа. Население города 1353000 жителей. Удобное положение города на одном из горных маршрутов, соединяющих Черное и Каспийское… …   Города и страны

  • ТБИЛИСИ — (до 1936 Тифлис) город, столица Груз. ССР, один из крупнейших пром., культурных и науч. центров СССР, расположен в долине р. Куры. Ж. д. узел, аэропорт, нач. пункт Воен. груз. дороги. На 1 янв. 1972 927 т. ж. (в 1897 160,6 т. ж., в 1926 294 т. ж …   Советская историческая энциклопедия

  • Тбилиси — Краткая история Тбилиси
    После присоединения к России в 1801 году стал центром Грузинской (с 1846 г. Тифлисской) губернии и резиденцией… …   Города мира

Источник

Tbilisi ( tə-bil-EE-see, tə-BIL-iss-ee;[8] Georgian: თბილისი Georgian pronunciation: [tʰbilisi]), in some languages still known by its pre-1936 name Tiflis[a] ( TIF-liss),[8] is the capital and the largest city of Georgia, lying on the banks of the Kura River with a population around 1.5 million people. Tbilisi was founded in the fifth century AD by Vakhtang I of Iberia, and since then has served as the capital of various Georgian kingdoms and republics. Between 1801 and 1917, then part of the Russian Empire, Tiflis was the seat of the Caucasus Viceroyalty, governing both the northern and the southern parts of the Caucasus.

Tbilisi

თბილისი

Capital city

2014 Tbilisi, Widoki z Twierdzy Narikala (36).jpg

2014 Tbilisi, Pomnik Wolności z konnym posągiem świętego Jerzego (07).jpg

Tbilisi IMG 8850 1920.jpg

Top to bottom:
View of Tbilisi from the right bank of the Kura River,
Monument of St. George on Freedom Square,
View of the Narikala Fortress from the left bank of Kura

Flag of Tbilisi

Flag

Official seal of Tbilisi

Seal

Tbilisi is located in Tbilisi

Tbilisi

Tbilisi

Tbilisi is located in Georgia

Tbilisi

Tbilisi

Tbilisi is located in Caucasus mountains

Tbilisi

Tbilisi
Coordinates: 41°43′21″N 44°47′33″E / 41.72250°N 44.79250°ECoordinates: 41°43′21″N 44°47′33″E / 41.72250°N 44.79250°E
Country  Georgia
Established AD 455[2]
Government
 • Type Mayor–Council
 • Body Tbilisi Sakrebulo
 • Mayor Kakha Kaladze (GD)[3]
Area

[4]
 • Capital city 504.2 km2 (194.7 sq mi)
 • Metro 726 km2 (280 sq mi)
Highest elevation 770 m (2,530 ft)
Lowest elevation 380 m (1,250 ft)
Population

 (2021)
 • Capital city 1,202,731[1]
 • Density 3,194.38/km2 (8,273.4/sq mi)
 • Metro 1,485,293
Demonym(s) Tbilisian
Tbiliseli (In Georgian)
Population by ethnicity[5]
 • Georgians 89.9 %
 • Armenians 4.8 %
 • Azerbaijanis 1.4 %
 • Russians 1.2 %
 • Yazidis 1.0 %
 • Others 1.7 %
Time zone UTC+4 (Georgian Time)
Area code +995 32
Gross regional product[6] 2020
 – Total GEL24.9bil.
($8B)
 – Per capita $6,700
HDI (2021) 0.824[7] – very high
Website tbilisi.gov.ge

Because of its location on the crossroads between Europe and Asia, and its proximity to the lucrative Silk Road, throughout history, Tbilisi was a point of contention among various global powers. To this day the city’s location ensures its position as an important transit route for energy and trade projects. Tbilisi’s history is reflected in its architecture, which is a mix of medieval, neoclassical, Beaux Arts, Art Nouveau, Stalinist, and Modern structures.

Historically, Tbilisi has been home to people of multiple cultural, ethnic, and religious backgrounds, though it is overwhelmingly Eastern Orthodox Christian. Its notable tourist destinations include cathedrals Sameba and Sioni, Freedom Square, Rustaveli Avenue and Agmashenebeli Avenue, medieval Narikala Fortress, the pseudo-Moorish Opera Theater, and the Georgian National Museum. The climate in Tbilisi mostly ranges from 20 to 32 °C (68 to 90 °F) in the summer and −1 to 7 °C (30 to 45 °F) in the winter.

Names and etymologyEdit

The name «Tbilisi» derives from Old Georgian t′bilisi (Asomtavruli: ႧႡႨႪႨႱႨ, Mkhedruli: თბილისი), and further from tpili (Modern Georgian: თბილი, warm, itself from Old Georgian: ႲႴႨႪႨ ṭpili). The name T′bili or T′bilisi (warm location) was therefore given to the city because of the area’s numerous sulfuric hot springs.

Until 1936, the name of the city in English and most other languages followed the Persian pronunciation[9] Tiflis, while the Georgian name was ტფილისი (Tpilisi).[10]

On 17 August 1936, by order of the Soviet leadership, the official Russian names of various cities were changed to more closely match the local language.[10] In addition, the Georgian-language form T′pilisi was modernized on the basis of a proposal by Georgian linguists; the ancient Georgian component ტფილი (tpili, ‘warm’) was replaced by the newer თბილი (t′bili).[10] This form was the basis for a new official Russian name (Тбилиси Tbilisi). Most other languages have subsequently adopted the new name form, but some languages such as Turkish, Persian, Greek, Spanish, and German have retained a variation of Tiflis.

On 20 September 2006, the Georgian parliament held a ceremony celebrating the 70th anniversary of the renaming.

Some of the traditional names of Tbilisi in other languages of the region have different roots. The Ossetian name Калак (Kalak) derives from the Georgian word ქალაქი (kalaki) meaning simply city. Chechen and Ingush names for the city use a form similar to or the same as their names for the country of Georgia (Гуьржех Gürƶex) as does the historical Kabardian name (Курджы Kwrdžə), while Abkhaz Қарҭ (Ķarţ) is from the Mingrelian ქართი (Karti).

HistoryEdit

Historical affiliations

  •   Kingdom of Iberia 450s–530s
  •  Sasanian Empire (Sasanian Iberia) 530s–570s
  •   Principality of Iberia 570s–730s
  •  Emirate of Tbilisi 730s–1122
  •   Kingdom of Georgia 1122–1490
  •   Kingdom of Kartli 1490–1762
  •   Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti 1762–1801
  •   Russian Empire 1801–1917
  •   Russian Republic 1917
  •   Transcaucasian Commissariat 1917–1918
  •   Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic 1918
  •   Democratic Republic of Georgia 1918–1921
  •   Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic 1921–1922
  •   Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 1922–1991
  •   Georgia 1991–present

Early historyEdit

Archaeologists discovered evidence of continuous habitation of the Tbilisi suburb of Dighomi since the early Bronze Age, and stone artifacts dating to the Paleolithic age.[11]

During the late Bronze Age to early Iron Age, it was the largest settlement in the Caucasus.[12] According to legend, the present-day territory of Tbilisi was covered by forests as late as 458. One widely accepted variant of the Tbilisi foundation myth states that King Vakhtang I of Iberia (r. c. 447/49 – 502/22) went hunting in the heavily wooded region with a falcon (sometimes the falcon is replaced with either a hawk or other small birds of prey in the legend). The king’s falcon allegedly caught or injured a pheasant during the hunt, after which both birds fell into a nearby hot spring and died from burns. King Vakhtang became so impressed with the hot springs that he decided to clear the forest and build a city on the location.

King Dachi of Iberia (r. 522–534), the successor of Vakhtang I, moved the capital of Iberia from Mtskheta to Tbilisi and began construction of the fortress wall that lined the city’s new boundaries.[13] From the sixth century, Tbilisi grew at a steady pace due to the region’s strategic location along with important trade and travel routes between Europe and Asia.

Foreign dominationEdit

Tbilisi’s favorable trade location, however, did not necessarily bode well for its survival. Located strategically in the heart of the Caucasus between Europe and Asia, Tbilisi became an object of rivalry among the region’s various powers such as the Roman Empire, Parthia, Sassanid Persia, Muslim Arabs, the Byzantine Empire, and the Seljuk Turks. The cultural development of the city was somewhat dependent on who ruled the city at various times, although Tbilisi was fairly cosmopolitan.

From 570 to 580, the Persians ruled the city until 627, when Tbilisi was sacked by the Byzantine/Khazar armies and later, in 736–738, Arab armies entered the town under Marwan II. After this point, the Arabs established an emirate centered in Tbilisi. In 764, Tbilisi – still under Arab control – was once again sacked by the Khazars. In 853, the armies of Arab leader Bugha Al-Turki invaded Tbilisi in order to enforce its return to Abbasid allegiance. The Arab domination of Tbilisi continued until about 1050. In 1065, the Seljuk Sultan Alp Arslan campaigned against the Kingdom of Georgia, subjugated Tbilisi, and built a mosque in the city.[14]

Capital of GeorgiaEdit

In 1121, after heavy fighting with the Seljuks, the troops of King David IV of Georgia besieged Tbilisi, which ended in 1122, and as a result, David moved his residence from Kutaisi to Tbilisi, making it the capital of a unified Georgian State, thus inaugurating the Georgian Golden Age. From the 12–13th centuries, Tbilisi became a regional power with a thriving economy and astonishing cultural output. By the end of the 12th century, the population of Tbilisi had reached 100,000. The city also became an important literary and cultural center, not only for Georgia, but also for the Eastern Orthodox world of the time. During Queen Tamar’s reign, Shota Rustaveli worked in Tbilisi while writing his legendary epic poem, «The Knight in the Panther’s Skin». This period is often referred to as «Georgia’s Golden Age»[15] or the Georgian Renaissance.[16]

Mongol domination and other instabilityEdit

Detail from the Nautical chart by Angelino Dulcert, depicting Georgian Black Sea coast and Tiflis, 1339

Tbilisi’s «Golden Age» did not last for more than a century. In 1226, Tbilisi was captured by the Khwarezmian Empire Shah Jalal ad-Din, and its defenses severely devastated and prone to Mongol armies. In 1236, after suffering crushing defeats to the Mongols, Georgia came under Mongol domination. The nation itself maintained a form of semi-independence and did not lose its statehood, but Tbilisi was strongly influenced by the Mongols for the next century both politically and culturally. In the 1320s, the Mongols retreated from Georgia and Tbilisi became the capital of an independent Georgian state once again. An outbreak of the plague struck the city in 1366.

From the late 14th until the end of the 18th century, Tbilisi came under the rule of various foreign invaders once again and on several occasions was completely burnt to the ground. In 1386, Tbilisi was invaded and sacked several times by the armies of Tamerlane. In 1440, the city was invaded and destroyed by Jahan Shah (the Shah of the town of Tabriz in Persia). From 1477 to 1478 the city was held by the Ak Koyunlu tribesmen of Uzun Hassan.

Iranian controlEdit

As early as the 1510s, Tbilisi (and the kingdoms of Kartli and Kakheti) were made vassal territories of Safavid Iran.[17] In 1522, Tbilisi was garrisoned for the first time by a large Safavid force.[18][19] Following the death of king (shah) Ismail I (r. 1501–1524), king David X of Kartli expelled the Iranians. During this period, many parts of Tbilisi were reconstructed and rebuilt. The four campaigns of the king Tahmasp I (r. 1524–1576) resulted in the reoccupation of Kartli and Kakheti, and a Safavid force was permanently stationed in Tbilisi from 1551 onwards.[18][20] With the 1555 Treaty of Amasya, and more firmly from 1614 to 1747, with brief intermissions, Tbilisi was an important city under Iranian rule, and it functioned as a seat of the Iranian vassal kings of Kartli whom the shah conferred with the title of vali. In 1718, the Venetian senate implored the Safavid emperor Soltan Hoseyn to protect the Catholic Armenians and Capuchin missionaries in Tbilisi from the Gregorian Armenians.[21] Under the later rules of Teimuraz II and Heraclius II, Tbilisi became a vibrant political and cultural center free of foreign rule—but, fearful of the constant threat of invasion, Georgia’s rulers sought Russian protection in the 1783 Treaty of Georgievsk. Despite this agreement, the city was captured and devastated in 1795 by the Iranian Qajar ruler Agha Mohammad Khan, who sought to re-establish Iran’s traditional sovereignty over the region.[22][23][24]

Russian controlEdit

The coat of arms of Tiflis under Russian rule

In 1801, the Russian Empire annexed the Georgian Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti (of which Tbilisi was the capital), later cementing its rule with the Treaty of Gulistan of 1813,[25][26] which ended Iranian control of Georgia.[27] Within Tsarist Russia, Tbilisi (known then as Tiflis) was included within the Tiflis Uyezd county in 1801, and became the administrative center of the Tiflis Governorate (Gubernia) following the latter’s establishment in 1846. Russian Imperial administrators implemented a new European-style city plan and commissioned new buildings in Western styles. Roads and railroads were built to connect Tbilisi to other important cities in the Russian Empire, such as Batumi and Poti. By the 1850s, Tbilisi once again emerged as a major trade and cultural center. The likes of Ilia Chavchavadze, Akaki Tsereteli, Mirza Fatali Akhundzade, Iakob Gogebashvili, Alexander Griboyedov and many other statesmen, poets and artists all found their home in Tbilisi. The city was visited on numerous occasions by and was the object of affection of Alexander Pushkin, Leo Tolstoy, Mikhail Lermontov, the Romanov family and others. The main new artery built under Russian administration was Golovin Avenue (present-day Rustaveli Avenue), on which the Viceroys of the Caucasus established their residence. For much of the early 19th century, Tbilisi’s largest ethnic group was Armenian, at some point forming 74.3% of the population.[28]

  • «Dry Bridge», constructed by Italian architect Antonio Scudieri

  • Grand Hotel «Kavkaz» in central Tbilisi, c 1900

  • Tatar bazaar and with the Metekhi Orthodox church seen on the cliff

Brief independenceEdit

After the Russian Revolution of 1917, the city served as a location of the Transcaucasus interim government which established, in the spring of 1918, the short-lived independent Transcaucasian Federation with the capital in Tbilisi. At this time, Tbilisi had roughly the same number of Armenians as Georgians, with Russians being the third largest ethnic group.[29] It was in the former Viceroy of the Caucasus’s palace where the independence of three Transcaucasus nations – Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan – was declared by their respective national councils on 26 to 28 May 1918. After this, Tbilisi functioned as the capital of the Democratic Republic of Georgia until 25 February 1921. From 1918 to 1919, the city also consecutively served as the headquarters of the country’s German garrison[citation needed] and later the British 27th Division;[30] Tbilisi was also the main office of the British Chief Commissioner in Transcaucasia, Oliver Wardrop[31] and the High Commissioner to Armenia, Colonel William N. Haskell.[32]

Under the national government, Tbilisi turned into the first Caucasian University City after the Tbilisi State University was founded in 1918.[33] On 25 February 1921, the Bolshevist Russian 11th Red Army invaded[34][35] Tbilisi and after bitter fighting at the outskirts of the city, declared Soviet rule.

Soviet ruleEdit

The Red Army entered Tbilisi on 25 February 1921

In 1921, the Democratic Republic of Georgia was occupied by the Soviet Bolshevik forces from Russia, and until 1936 Tbilisi functioned first as the capital city of the Transcaucasian SFSR (which included Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia), and afterward until 1991 as the capital of the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic. During Soviet rule, Tbilisi’s population grew significantly, the city became more industrialized, and it also came to be an important political, social, and cultural centre of the Soviet Union. In 1980 the city housed the first state-sanctioned rock festival in the USSR. As a major tourist destination for both Soviet citizens and foreign visitors, Tbilisi’s «Old Town» (the neighborhoods within the original city walls) was reconstructed in the 1970s and 1980s.[36]

Tbilisi witnessed mass anti-Russian demonstrations during 1956 in the 9 March Massacre, in protest against the anti-Stalin policies of Nikita Khrushchev. Peaceful protests occurred in 1978, and in 1989 the April 9 tragedy was a peaceful protest that turned violent.

Post-independenceEdit

Since the break-up of the Soviet Union, Tbilisi has experienced periods of significant instability and turmoil. After a brief civil war, which the city endured for two weeks from December 1991 to January 1992 (when pro-Gamsakhurdia and Opposition forces clashed), Tbilisi became the scene of frequent armed confrontations among various mafia clans and illegal business operators. Even during the Shevardnadze Era (1993–2003), crime and corruption became rampant at most levels of society. Many segments of society became impoverished because of unemployment caused by the crumbling economy. Average citizens of Tbilisi started to become increasingly disillusioned with the existing quality of life in the city (and in the nation in general). Mass protests took place in November 2003 after falsified parliamentary elections forced more than 100,000 people into the streets and concluded with the Rose Revolution. Since 2003, Tbilisi has experienced considerably more stability with decreasing crime rates, an improved economy, and a real estate boom.[37] During the 2008 South Ossetia war, the Tbilisi area was hit by multiple Russian air attacks.

After the war, several large-scale projects were started, including a streetcar system,[38] a railway bypass and a relocation of the central station,[39] and new urban highways.[40] In June 2015, a flood killed at least twenty people and caused animals from the city’s zoo to be released into the streets.[41]

Politics and administrationEdit

Sameba cathedral and the president’s palace, Tbilisi, Georgia

The status of Tbilisi, as the nation’s capital, is defined by the Article 10 in the Constitution of Georgia (1995) and the Law on Georgia’s Capital – Tbilisi (20 February 1998).[42]

Tbilisi is governed by the Tbilisi City Assembly (Sakrebulo) and the Tbilisi City Hall (Meria). The City Assembly and mayor are elected once every four years by direct elections. The Mayor of Tbilisi is Kakha Kaladze and the Chairman of the Tbilisi city Assembly is Giorgi Alibegashvili.

DistrictsEdit

Administratively, the city is divided into raions (districts), which have their own units of central and local government with jurisdiction over a limited scope of affairs. This subdivision was established under Soviet rule in the 1930s, following the general subdivision of the Soviet Union. Since Georgia regained independence, the raion system was modified and reshuffled. According to the latest revision, Tbilisi raions include:

  • Mtatsminda District Including Neighborhoods: Mtatsminda, Sololaki, Vera, Kiketi, Kojori, Shindisi, Tsavkisi, Tabakhmela
  • Vake District Including Neighborhoods: Vake, Bagebi, Vazha Pshavela Quarters, Tskneti, Nutsubidze Plato
  • Saburtalo District Including Neighborhoods: Delisi, Vedzisi, Vashlijvari, Bakhtrioni, Khiliani, Didi Dighomi, Zurgovana
  • Krtsanisi District Including Neighborhoods: Kala, Ortachala, Ponichala
  • Isani District Including Neighborhoods: Avlabari, Navtlughi, Metromsheni, Vazisubani, Eighth Legioni
  • Samgori District Including Neighborhoods: Varketili, Third Array, Orkhevi, Dampalo, Lilo, Lower Samgori
  • Chughureti District Including Neighborhoods: Chughureti, Kukia, Svanetisubani
  • Didube District Including Neighborhoods: Didube, Dighomi Massive
  • Nadzaladevi District Including Neighborhoods: Nadzaladevi, Sanzona, Temka, Lotkini, Old Nadzaladevi
  • Gldani District Including Neighborhoods: Gldani Massive, Avchala, Mukhiani, Gldanula

Overview of Tbilisi districts
District Name Population
(as of 2017)[43]		 Area ( Km2)[44]
Mtatsminda District 49.052 73
Vake District 111.903 61.7
Saburtalo District 138.493 75.5
Krtsanisi District 39.286 31.7
Isani District 125.610 16.7
Samgori District 177.844 128.4
Chughureti District 65.230 14.3
Didube District 70.018 8.4
Nadzaladevi District 154.067 42
Gldani District 177.214 50.3

  City of Tbilisi

 1,108,717 502
Source: Geostat,[43] Tbilisi City Hall[44]

Most of the raions are named after historic quarters of the city. The citizens of Tbilisi widely recognise an informal system of smaller historic neighbourhoods. Such neighbourhoods are several, however, constituting a kind of hierarchy, because most of them have lost their distinctive topographic limits. The natural first level of subdivision of the city is into the Right Bank and the Left Bank of the Mt’k’vari.

The names of the oldest neighbourhoods go back to the early Middle Ages and sometimes pose a great linguistic interest. The newest whole-built developments bear chiefly residential marketing names.

In pre-Revolution Tiflis, the Georgian quarter was confined to the southeastern part of the city; Baedeker describes the layout succinctly:

In the north part of the town, on the left bank of the Kurá and to the south of the railway station, stretches the clean German Quarter, formerly occupied by German immigrants from Württemberg (1818). To the south is the Gruzinian or Georgian Quarter (Avlabár). On the right bank of the Kurá is the Russian Quarter, the seat of the officials and of the larger business firms. This is adjoined on the south by the Armenian and Persian Bazaars.

— Karl Baedeker, Russia: A Handbook for Travelers[45]

GeographyEdit

Tbilisi, especially Old Town, has a complex terrain, with hills and cliffs

LocationEdit

Tbilisi is located in the South Caucasus at 41° 43′ North and 44° 47′ East. The city lies in Eastern Georgia on both banks of the Kura River (locally known as Mtkvari). The elevation of the city ranges from 380–770 metres above sea level (1,250–2,530 ft) and has the shape of an amphitheatre surrounded by mountains on three sides. To the north, Tbilisi is bounded by the Saguramo Range, to the east and south-east by the Iori Plain, to the south and west by various endings (subranges) of the Trialeti Range.

The relief of Tbilisi is complex. The part of the city which lies on the left bank of the Kura River extends for more than 30 km (19 mi) from the Avchala District to River Lochini. The part of the city which lies on the right side of the river, though, is built along the foothills of the Trialeti Range, the slopes of which in many cases descend all the way to the edges of the river. The mountains, therefore, are a significant barrier to urban development on its right bank. This type of a geographic environment creates pockets of very densely developed areas, while other parts of the city are left undeveloped due to the complex topographic relief.

To the north of the city, a large reservoir (commonly known as the Tbilisi Sea) is fed by irrigation canals.

ClimateEdit

Tbilisi has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfa) with considerable continental and semi-arid influences. The city experiences hot, humid summers and moderately cold winters. Like other regions of Georgia, Tbilisi receives significant rainfall throughout the year with no distinct dry period. The city’s climate is influenced both by dry (Central Asian/Siberian) air masses from the east and oceanic (Atlantic/Black Sea) air masses from the west. Because the city is bounded on most sides by mountain ranges, the close proximity to large bodies of water (Black and Caspian Seas) and the fact that the Greater Caucasus Mountains Range (further to the north) blocks the intrusion of cold air masses from Russia, Tbilisi has a relatively mild microclimate compared to other cities that possess a similar climate along the same latitudes.

The average annual temperature in Tbilisi is 13.3 °C (55.9 °F). January is the coldest month with an average temperature of 2.3 °C (36.1 °F). July is the hottest month with an average temperature of 24.9 °C (76.8 °F). Daytime high temperatures reach or exceed 32 °C (90 °F) on an average of 22 days during a typical year. The absolute minimum recorded temperature is −24.4 °C (−11.9 °F) in January 1883 and the absolute maximum is 42.0 °C (107.6 °F) on 17 July 1882.[46] Average annual precipitation is 495.5 mm (19.5 in). May is the wettest month (averaging 77.6 mm (3.1 in) of precipitation) while January is the driest (averaging 18.9 mm (0.7 in) of precipitation). Snow falls on average 15–25 days per year. The surrounding mountains often trap the clouds within and around the city, mainly during the Spring and Autumn months, resulting in prolonged rainy and/or cloudy weather. Northwesterly winds dominate in most parts of Tbilisi throughout the year. Southeasterly winds are common as well.

Climate data for Tbilisi (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1881–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 19.5
(67.1) 		22.4
(72.3) 		28.9
(84.0) 		34.4
(93.9) 		35.1
(95.2) 		40.2
(104.4) 		42.0
(107.6) 		40.4
(104.7) 		37.9
(100.2) 		33.3
(91.9) 		27.2
(81.0) 		22.8
(73.0) 		42.0
(107.6)
Average high °C (°F) 6.6
(43.9) 		7.7
(45.9) 		12.6
(54.7) 		18.9
(66.0) 		23.1
(73.6) 		28.1
(82.6) 		31.2
(88.2) 		30.9
(87.6) 		26.4
(79.5) 		19.8
(67.6) 		12.8
(55.0) 		8.4
(47.1) 		18.9
(66.0)
Daily mean °C (°F) 2.3
(36.1) 		3.1
(37.6) 		7.2
(45.0) 		12.7
(54.9) 		17.2
(63.0) 		21.7
(71.1) 		24.9
(76.8) 		24.7
(76.5) 		20.2
(68.4) 		14.2
(57.6) 		7.9
(46.2) 		3.7
(38.7) 		13.3
(55.9)
Average low °C (°F) −0.8
(30.6) 		0.0
(32.0) 		3.2
(37.8) 		8.4
(47.1) 		12.4
(54.3) 		16.5
(61.7) 		19.8
(67.6) 		19.5
(67.1) 		15.4
(59.7) 		10.4
(50.7) 		4.9
(40.8) 		1.3
(34.3) 		9.3
(48.7)
Record low °C (°F) −24.4
(−11.9) 		−14.8
(5.4) 		−12.8
(9.0) 		−3.8
(25.2) 		1.0
(33.8) 		6.3
(43.3) 		9.3
(48.7) 		8.9
(48.0) 		0.8
(33.4) 		−6.4
(20.5) 		−7.1
(19.2) 		−20.5
(−4.9) 		−24.4
(−11.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 21
(0.8) 		23
(0.9) 		29
(1.1) 		51
(2.0) 		92
(3.6) 		85
(3.3) 		49
(1.9) 		37
(1.5) 		27
(1.1) 		41
(1.6) 		29
(1.1) 		23
(0.9) 		507
(20.0)
Average rainy days 4 4 8 12 12 10 7 8 9 10 10 6 100
Average snowy days 6 8 3 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 1 4 22
Average relative humidity (%) 74 72 68 66 67 64 61 62 66 73 76 76 69
Mean monthly sunshine hours 99 102 142 171 213 249 256 248 206 164 103 93 2,046
Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net[46]
Source 2: NOAA (Sunshine hours 1961–1990)[47]
Climate data for Tbilisi Airport (1981–2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 16.9
(62.4) 		20.8
(69.4) 		26.3
(79.3) 		34.3
(93.7) 		33.1
(91.6) 		38.2
(100.8) 		39.4
(102.9) 		40.2
(104.4) 		37.4
(99.3) 		32.2
(90.0) 		24.7
(76.5) 		19.9
(67.8) 		40.2
(104.4)
Average high °C (°F) 6.6
(43.9) 		7.6
(45.7) 		12.3
(54.1) 		18.6
(65.5) 		22.8
(73.0) 		27.7
(81.9) 		31.1
(88.0) 		30.9
(87.6) 		26.1
(79.0) 		19.4
(66.9) 		12.4
(54.3) 		7.6
(45.7) 		18.7
(65.7)
Daily mean °C (°F) 1.3
(34.3) 		2.7
(36.9) 		6.8
(44.2) 		12.6
(54.7) 		17.0
(62.6) 		21.5
(70.7) 		24.5
(76.1) 		23.9
(75.0) 		19.5
(67.1) 		13.2
(55.8) 		7.7
(45.9) 		3.3
(37.9) 		12.8
(55.0)
Average low °C (°F) −1.0
(30.2) 		−0.7
(30.7) 		2.8
(37.0) 		8.0
(46.4) 		12.4
(54.3) 		16.6
(61.9) 		20.0
(68.0) 		19.7
(67.5) 		15.7
(60.3) 		10.4
(50.7) 		4.6
(40.3) 		0.4
(32.7) 		9.1
(48.4)
Record low °C (°F) −24.1
(−11.4) 		−13.1
(8.4) 		−8.0
(17.6) 		−2.4
(27.7) 		2.2
(36.0) 		8.3
(46.9) 		13.0
(55.4) 		12.1
(53.8) 		5.5
(41.9) 		−0.7
(30.7) 		−6.4
(20.5) 		−10.9
(12.4) 		−24.1
(−11.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 20.2
(0.80) 		26.5
(1.04) 		32.8
(1.29) 		56.4
(2.22) 		86.2
(3.39) 		72.1
(2.84) 		48.2
(1.90) 		43.8
(1.72) 		42.7
(1.68) 		42.7
(1.68) 		35.2
(1.39) 		25.0
(0.98) 		531.6
(20.93)
Source: World Meteorological Organization[48]

DemographicsEdit

PopulationEdit

Main ethnic groups of Tbilisi

Year

Georgians

%

Armenians

%

Russians

%

TOTAL
1780[49] 50,000 66.7% 10,000 13.3%

–

–

 75,000
1790[50] 44,000 61.1% 14,860 16.7%

–

–

 72,000
1801-3[51] 4,300 21.5% 14,860 74.3%

–

–

 20,000
1864/65 winter[52] 14,878 24.8% 28,404 47.3% 12,462 20.7% 60,085
1864/65 summer[52] 14,787 20.8% 31,180 43.9% 12,142 17.1% 71,051
1876[53] 22,156 21.3% 37,610 36.1% 30,813 29.6% 104,024
1897[54] 42,206[b] 26.4% 47,133[c] 29.5% 44,823 28.1% 159,590
1916[56] 37,584 10.8% 149,294 43.1% 91,997 26.5% 346,766
1926[29] 112,014 38.1% 100,148 34.1% 45,937 15.6% 294,044
1939[29] 228,394 44% 137,331 26.4% 93,337 18% 519,220
1959[29] 336,257 48.4% 149,258 21.5% 125,674 18.1% 694,664
1970[29] 511,379 57.5% 150,205 16.9% 124,316 14% 889,020
1979[29] 653,242 62.1% 152,767 14.5% 129,122 12.3% 1,052,734
1989[57] 824,412 66.1% 150,138 12.0% 124,867 10.0% 1,246,936
2002[58] 910,712 84.2% 82,586 7.6% 32,580 3% 1,081,679
2014[59] 996,804 89.9% 53,409 4.8% 13,350 1.2% 1,108,717

As a multiethnic city, Tbilisi is home to more than 100 ethnic groups. Around 89% of the population consists of ethnic Georgians, with significant populations of other ethnic groups such as Armenians, Russians, and Azerbaijanis. Along with the above-mentioned groups, Tbilisi is home to other ethnic groups including Ossetians, Abkhazians, Ukrainians, Greeks, Jews, Assyrians, Yazidis, and others.[28][29][52][53][58]

ReligionEdit

More than 95% of the residents of Tbilisi practise some form of Christianity (the most predominant of which is the Georgian Orthodox Church). The Russian Orthodox Church, which is in full communion with the Georgian Orthodox Church, and the Armenian Apostolic Church have significant followings, as well. A minority of the population (around 1.5%) practises Islam (mainly Shia Islam), while about 0.1% of Tbilisi’s population practises Judaism.[60] Also, a Roman Catholic church and the Yazidi Sultan Ezid Temple are found there.[61][62]

SportsEdit

Until the beginning of the 19th century, sports such as horse-riding (polo in particular), wrestling, boxing, and marksmanship were the most popular city sports. Influence from the Russian Empire brought more Western sports and activities (billiards, fencing) to Tbilisi.

The Soviet period brought an increased popularization of sports that were common in Europe and to a certain extent, the United States. At the same time, Tbilisi developed the necessary sports infrastructure for professional sports. By 1978, the city had around 250 large and small sports facilities, including, among others, four indoor and six outdoor Olympic-sized pools, 185 basketball courts and halls, 192 volleyball facilities, 82 handball arenas, 19 tennis courts, 31 football fields, and five stadiums. The largest stadium in Tbilisi is the Dinamo Arena (55,000 seats) and the second-largest is the Mikheil Meskhi Stadium (24,680 seats). The Sports Palace, which usually hosts basketball games with high attendance and tennis tournaments, can seat about 11,000 people. Vere Basketball Hall is a smaller indoor sports arena with 2,500 in seating capacity.

Football is the most popular sport in Tbilisi, followed by rugby union and basketball.[63] Also, popular sports include wrestling, tennis, swimming, and water polo. It has several professional football and rugby teams, as well as wrestling clubs. U.S. National Basketball Association players Zaza Pachulia and Nikoloz Tskitishvili are Tbilisi natives. Outside of professional sports, the city has a number of intercollegiate and amateur sports teams and clubs.

Tbilisi’s signature football club, Dinamo Tbilisi, has not won a major European championship since the 1980–1981 season, when it won the European UEFA Cup Winners’ Cup and became the easternmost team in Europe to achieve the feat. The basketball club Dinamo Tbilisi won the Euroleague in 1962, but also never repeated any such feat.

Tbilisi was to host Group A matches for the EuroBasket 2021 at the new 10,000-seat Tbilisi Arena (next to the Olympic Palace), as one of the tournament co-hosts alongside Czech Republic (Prague), Germany (Berlin, Cologne), and Italy (Milan).[64][65]

Club Sport Stadium
Lelo Saracens Rugby Union Lelo Sport Centre
RC Armazi Tbilisi Rugby Union Shevardeni Stadium
RC Locomotive Tbilisi Rugby Union Avchala Stadium
RC Army Tbilisi Rugby Union Avchala Stadium
FC Dinamo Tbilisi Football Boris Paichadze Stadium
FC Lokomotivi Tbilisi Football Mikheil Meskhi Stadium
FC Saburtalo Tbilisi Football Bendela Stadium
FC WIT Georgia Football Mikheil Meskhi Stadium #2
BC Dinamo Tbilisi Basketball Tbilisi Sports Palace
BC TSU Tbilisi Basketball Tbilisi Sports Palace
BC MIA Academy Basketball Tbilisi Sports Palace
BC Armia Basketball Tbilisi Sports Palace
Maccabi Brinkford Tbilisi Basketball Tbilisi Sports Palace
B.C. VITA Tbilisi Basketball Tbilisi Sports Palace

MediaEdit

The large majority of Georgia’s media companies (including television, newspaper, and radio) are headquartered in Tbilisi. The city is home to the popular Rustavi 2 television channel which gained considerable fame after its coverage of the Rose Revolution. In addition to Rustavi 2, the remaining three out of the four major public television channels of Georgia (including Imedi TV Maestro and the Public Broadcasting Channel) are based in the city. Tbilisi’s television market has experienced notable changes since the second half of 2005 when Rustavi 2 successfully bought out the Mze TV company and Rupert Murdoch’s News Corporation became a shareholder of Imedi Media Holding at the beginning of 2006.

Tbilisi has a number of newspaper publishing houses. Some of the most noteworthy newspapers include the daily 24 Saati («24 Hours»), Rezonansi («Resonance»), Alia, the English-language daily The Messenger, weekly FINANCIAL, Georgia Today, and the English-language weekly The Georgian Times. Out of the city’s radio stations Imedi Radio (105.9 FM), Fortuna, and Radio 105 are some of the most influential competitors with large national audiences.

Radio stations in Tbilisi include 5 Lines Radio (93.8 FM), Europe +Tbilisi (99.6 FM), and Georgian Patriarchy Radio (105.4 FM).[66]

CultureEdit

ArchitectureEdit

The architecture in the city is a mixture of local (Georgian) and Byzantine, Neoclassical, Art Nouveau, Beaux-Arts, Middle Eastern, and Soviet modern styles.[67] Very few buildings survived the destruction of the city in 1795, so most historical buildings in Tbilisi date to the Russian Imperial period (1801–1917). The oldest parts of the city (Kala, Abanotubani, Avlabari) were largely rebuilt on their medieval street plans, and some old houses were even rebuilt on much older foundations. The areas of downtown Tbilisi which were developed according to a European-style plan by Russian authorities (Sololaki, Rustaveli Avenue, Vera, etc.) have a Western appearance, with a mix of styles popular in Europe at the time: Beaux Arts, Orientalist, and various period revival styles.

Tbilisi is most notable for its abundance of Art Nouveau buildings and details (common in Sololaki and Chughureti), which flourished from the mid-1890s to through the end of Russian rule. Art Nouveau was decreed as bourgeois by communist authorities, who introduced experimental modern architecture. The more conservative and historically-inflected Stalinist architecture in Georgia is embodied by the 1938 Marx-Engels-Lenin Institute building («Imeli»), now housing the Biltmore Hotel Tbilisi.[citation needed]

Tbilisi’s postwar architecture is similar to the brand of midcentury modernism found across the Soviet Union. The city expanded dramatically in response to a housing crisis after World War II. Entire neighborhoods (Saburtalo, Dighomi) appeared on the outskirts of the city in a matter of decades, built with advances in mass-production technology. Georgian architects produced some of the Soviet Union’s most interesting architectural achievements, including Tbilisi’s 1975 Ministry of Roads and the 1984 Wedding Palace. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, the urban landscape is largely characterized by unregulated construction. New towers occupy formerly public spaces and overcrowded apartment buildings sprout «kamikaze loggia» overnight. Since 2004, the city government has taken initiatives to curb uncontrolled construction projects with mixed success. Soon Tbilisi will have three skyscraper complexes. The Axis Towers, Redix Chavchavadze 64, and the new Ajara Hotel/Business Complex, which is currently under construction, will be the tallest buildings/skyscrapers in the Caucasus.[citation needed]

Art museums and galleriesEdit

The Georgian National Museum gathers several important museums, including the Art Museum of Georgia. The Museum of Modern Art was founded in 2012.[68] Two independent contemporary art organisations, Kunsthalle Tbilisi[69][70] and Open Space of Experimental Art,[71] were founded in 2018.

Performing artsEdit

The city has important theatre and music institutions, such as the Tbilisi State Conservatoire, the Tbilisi Opera and Ballet Theatre, the Shota Rustaveli State Academic Theatre, Marjanishvili State Academic Theatre, Rezo Gabriadze Marionette Theatre and Royal District Theatre.

Film FestivalEdit

The Tbilisi International Film Festival (TIFF) is hosted by the Cinema Art Center, Prometheus. It was first held in 2000, within a larger framework of festivals called Gift, until the Prometheus centre was established in 2002, after which it has been held there.[72][73] It is located at 164 Agmashenebeli Avenue.[74]

World Book CapitalEdit

Tbilisi was designated as the World Book Capital for 2021 by UNESCO.[75]

TourismEdit

Freedom square (Tavisupleba) with St. George column at night, Tbilisi, September 2018

Georgia’s growing popularity as an international tourist destination has put Tbilisi on the global travel map. With the country hosting more than 9 million international visitors in 2019, the capital saw major investments in the hospitality industry. It now is the leading tourist destination in the region, offering exquisite cityscapes, Art Deco, Russian, Eastern and Soviet architecture, national museums and galleries, cultural attractions, festivals, historical landmarks and exceptional, traditional Georgian cuisine along with a wide range of international restaurants. The city is well-known, due to its complicated history, as a melting pot of cultures, a diverse metropolis with a palette of attractions.[76]

Main sightsEdit

Tbilisi has important landmarks and sightseeing locations. The Parliament and the government (State Chancellery) buildings of Georgia, the Supreme Court of Georgia, the Sameba Cathedral, the Vorontsov’s Palace (also known as the Children’s Palace today), the National Public Library of the Parliament of Georgia, the National Bank of Georgia, Tbilisi Circus, The Bridge of Peace, and many state museums are in Tbilisi. During the Soviet times, Tbilisi continuously ranked in the top four cities in the Soviet Union for the number of museums.

Out of the city’s historic landmarks, the most notable are the Narikala fortress (4th–17th century), Anchiskhati Basilica (6th century, built up in the 16th century), Sioni Cathedral (8th century, later rebuilt), and Church of Metekhi, Open Air Museum of Ethnography, Sulfur Bath, and Tbilisi Old City.

NightlifeEdit

Beyond traditional attractions, Tbilisi has developed burgeoning nightclub culture which started to attract international media attention in the 2010s. The leading clubs such as Bassiani, Mtkvarze, Khidi, and Café Gallery have featured major international DJs as well as local performers. Due to the growing queer nightlife scene the city is also home to several underground LGBTQ+ venues.[77][78][79]

EconomyEdit

High-rise residential and office buildings in Vake.

With a GDP at basic prices of 12,147 million Georgian lari (€4.3 billion) in 2014, Tbilisi is the economic center of the country, generating almost 50 percent of Georgia’s GDP. The service sector, including government services, is dominating and contributes 88 percent to GDP. Its GDP per capita of 10,336 Georgian lari (€3,600) is exceeding the national average by more than 50 percent. The service sector itself is dominated by the wholesale and retail trade sector, reflecting the role of Tbilisi as transit and logistics hub for the country and the South Caucasus. The manufacturing sector contributes only 12 percent to Tbilisi’s GDP, but is much larger, by employment and total value added, than the manufacturing sectors in any other region of Georgia. The unemployment rate in Tbilisi is – with 22.5 percent – significantly higher in Tbilisi than in the regions.[80]

TransportEdit

The public transport system and the relevant infrastructure in Tbilisi is primarily managed by the Transport and Urban Development Agency. After decades of poor transport services and the prioritisation of private vehicles, the city has since the 2010s, invested heavily in developing a green, extensive and diverse public transit network. Today, the city is served by an international airport, metro and national rail services, municipal buses, minibuses, cabs, cable cars, bike lanes and a funicular.

AirportEdit

Shota Rustaveli Tbilisi International Airport is Tbilisi’s only international airport, located about 18 kilometres (11 miles) southeast of the city center. Handling 3.69 million passengers in 2019, it is the busiest airport in Georgia and the seventeenth busiest airport in the former Soviet Union. The airport has been rapidly growing over the past decade, handling more than 3.56 million passengers in 11 months of 2018.[81] It is a hub for the national carrier Georgian Airways and Georgian-Chinese start-up Myway Airlines.
Various international carriers serve routes to major European and Asian hubs, such as London, Munich, Berlin, Amsterdam, Dubai, Brussels, Milan, Vienna, Paris, and Doha. The Irish ultra-low-cost carrier Ryanair started operating from the airport in 2019.

Tbilisi International Airport in 2016 started to utilize solar energy and became the first «green airport» in the Caucasus region in 2008.

Natakhtari Airfield, located 33 km north of Tbilisi in the town of Natakhtari, is a domestic airport serving the capital on routes to Batumi, Mestia and Ambrolauri.

MetroEdit

Tbilisi Metro, known for its depth, provides 9 million rides per month.

Aerial tramway connecting Europe Square to Narikala, the fortress that overlooks the city.

The Tbilisi Metro serves the city with rapid transit subway services. More than 400 thousand journeys are made on the system every single day. It was the Soviet Union’s fourth metro system. Construction began in 1952 and was finished in 1966. The system operates two lines, the Akhmeteli-Varketili Line and the Saburtalo Line. It has 23 stations and 186 metro cars. Most stations, characteristic to Soviet-built metro systems, are extravagantly decorated. Trains run from 6:00 am to midnight. Due to the uneven ground, the rail lines run above ground in some areas. Two of the stations are above ground.

In 2020 it was announced by the city government that the metro system is set for a major upgrade with the renovation of all stations, targeting more sustainable and modern design, as well as step-free wheelchair accessibility. Moreover, Tbilisi will purchase 40 new, modern train cars, or 10 trains, becoming the first major rolling stock upgrade in the network’s more than 50-year-old history.[82]

The third overground line is planned to connect central Tbilisi with suburbs and Tbilisi International Airport with a possible extension to Rustavi, 30 km east of Tbilisi.[83]

RailEdit

Tbilisi is the busiest intersection of Georgian Railways services, primarily centred within Tbilisi Central Railway Station. From there, the national rail operator offers inter-city services to Batumi, Zugdidi, Poti, Ozurgeti, Kutaisi and other large cities, as well as several suburban rail services.

BusesEdit

Tbilisi’s bus network forms a crucial backbone of the city’s transit system. For almost a decade, up to 700 outdated buses of various size were serving the city, majority of them were Ukrainian Bogdan A144 and A092 models. Nowadays the city has an extensive network of municipal buses, including a growing number of night bus services. In August 2020, the mayor of Tbilisi Kakha Kaladze announced major changes in the existing public transit system. Notably, the city will introduce 10 Bus Rapid Transit corridors in the nearest future, served by large 18 meters long buses, running with significantly shorter intervals. These services are named TBT(Tbilisi Bus Transit) lines and are indexed numbers from 300 until 310. Besides the TBT lines, the new system includes 44 city and 185 local lines, totalling up to over 240 bus routes within the city.[84]

The initial reorganization of the bus network started in 2016 when back then-mayor of Tbilisi Davit Narmania started an ambitious project in efforts to revamp the outdated fleet. Under his city government, 143 energy-efficient MAN Lion’s City buses were purchased and delivered in 2017.[85] New MAN Lion’s City Later in 2018, the tender was announced to order 90 new buses. Tegeta trucks&Buses won the tender and delivered 90 Man Lion’s City low floor buses to the city in early 2019.[86] Later on, the city purchased more than 400 new buses from two different manufacturers, including 12-meter long, low floor BMC vehicles and shorter 8.5 meters long Isuzu city buses. It was also announced that the city will be buying 200 18 meter long articulated buses in the nearest future in hopes of further expanding the city’s bus network and decreasing intervals.[87]

CyclingEdit

Cycling has been becoming increasingly popular among the residents of Tbilisi over the past few years. For decades, this green mode of transport was seen unfit for the mountainous and uneven terrain of the city. However, as the city’s government started introducing new bike lanes across the city, a rising number of people turned towards bikes for regular use. One of the first major central Tbilisi bike lanes opened along Pekini Avenue in 2017, following the long rehabilitation process.[88] The 2.8 meter wide lane failed to attract regular users amid the lack of a greater, city-wide network. Soon the city unveiled more bike lanes, including within recreational areas, such as the National Botanical Garden of Georgia and Lisi Lake.

The expansion of the city’s cycling infrastructure network was significantly accelerated during the COVID-19 pandemic as cities across the globe started organising pop-up bike lanes. Tbilisi joined the global trend, unveiling cycling lanes in city’s central areas, such as Vake, Vera and the bank of the Kura River. Following these changes, the total length of Tbilisi’s bike lanes increased from 2 km in 2019 to over 20 km in 2020. The head of the city’s transport department told Euronews Georgia that Tbilisi is working on a 20-year long urban mobility development strategy. According to the plan, the total length of the bike lane network will eventually reach 350 km across the capital.[89]

TramEdit

Tbilisi had a tram network, since 1883 starting from horse-driven trams and from 25 December 1904 electric tramway. When the Soviet Union disintegrated, electric transport went to a degradation state within the years and finally the only tram line left was closed on 4 December 2006 together with two trolleybus lines which were left.[90][91] There are plans to construct a modern tram network.[92][93]

MinibusEdit

For a long time, the most dominant form of transport was the minibus network. An elaborate minibus system grew in Tbilisi over the early 2000s. Amid the lack of public funding and rundown infrastructure, minibuses emerged as a private initiative and a short-term resolution to the city transportation problem. In 2019, the company operating yellow minibuses in Tbilisi was asked to replace the entire fleet by the end of 2020.[94] However, the process was slowed down and only 300 minibuses were replaced. The mayor of Tbilisi announced that the number of minibuses in Tbilisi will gradually decrease, eventually vanishing from Tbilisi’s streets.

In addition to the city, several lines also serve the surrounding countryside of Tbilisi. Throughout the city, a fixed price is paid regardless of the distance (80 or 50 tetri in 2018). For longer trips outside the city, higher fares are common. As of April 2018, there are no predefined stops for the minibus lines, except 14 streets,[95] they are hailed from the streets like taxis and each passenger can exit whenever he likes.

Aerial tramwaysEdit

Historically, the city had seven different aerial tramways, but all of them closed after the collapse of the Soviet Union.

Since 2012, Tbilisi has a modern, high-capacity gondola lift which operates between Rike Park and the Narikala fortress; each gondola can carry up to 8 persons. The system was built by the Italian manufacturer Leitner Ropeways.[96]

Since October 12, 2016, Turtle Lake aerial tramway (originally opened in 1965) reopened after seven years out of service. It underwent major reconstruction but kept the old designs of gondolas and stations. This tramway connects Vake Park with Turtle Lake.

Since October 2016, another Soviet-era aerial tramway between State University (Maglivi) and University Campus (Bagebi) in Saburtalo District (originally opened in 1982) is being reconstructed after 13 years of abandonment and is due for opening in April 2018. The original Italian-produced cabins produced by Lovisolo and provided by Ceretti & Tanfani, with a capacity of 40 passengers each, are being kept as well as the stations.

Due to mismanagement at the hands of Soviet authorities,[citation needed] one of the main aerial trams experienced a major malfunction, causing the 1990 Tbilisi aerial tramway accident and remaining closed ever since.[97] Since October 2017, the aerial tram has been under reconstruction, keeping the old culturally significant lower station but with plans for new gondolas, masts, upper station and other infrastructure. The project is carried out by Doppelmayr Garaventa Group.

FunicularEdit

Tbilisi funicular reopened 2012 after a multi-year closure. It is a ropeway railway first built 1905, connecting Chonkadze street and Mtatsminda Park, and covering almost 300 m (980 ft) in altitude difference. The top of the hill is the highest point of the city, offering many different views of Tbilisi, and is home to the Tbilisi TV Broadcasting Tower as well as some amusement rides, including a roller-coaster and a ferris wheel.

The half-way station of the funicular is just a short way away from Mtatsminda Pantheon, providing easy access to the necropolis.

EducationEdit

Tbilisi is home to several major institutions of higher education including the Tbilisi State Medical University and the Petre Shotadze Tbilisi Medical Academy, famous for their internationally recognised medical education system. The biggest Georgian university is Tbilisi State University which was established on 8 February 1918. TSU is the oldest university in the whole Caucasus region. Over 35,000 students are enrolled and the number of faculty and staff (collaborators) is approximately 5,000. Tbilisi is also home to the largest medical university in Caucasus region – Tbilisi State Medical University, which was founded as Tbilisi Medical Institute in 1918 and became the Faculty of Medicine within the Tbilisi State University (TSU) in 1930. Tbilisi State Medical Institute was renamed to Medical University in 1992. Since that university operates as an independent educational institution, TSMU became one of the high-ranking state-supported institutions of higher education in the Caucasus region. There are[when?] almost 5000 undergraduate and 203 postgraduate students at the university of whom 10% come from foreign countries.

Georgia’s main and largest technical university, Georgian Technical University, is in Tbilisi. Georgian Technical University was founded in 1922 as a polytechnic faculty of the Tbilisi State University. The first lecture was read by the world-famous Georgian mathematician Professor Andria Razmadze. It achieved University status by 1990. The three most popular private higher educational institution in Georgia —The University of Georgia (Tbilisi), Caucasus University, and the Free University of Tbilisi – are in Tbilisi.

The University of Georgia (Tbilisi) is the largest private University in Georgia, with more than 3500 international and local students. It was established in 2005 and soon became a market leader within Georgian educational sector. In 2010, the UG received financing from OPIC (Overseas Private Investment Corporation) for a development of the University’s infrastructure and technical equipment. The University of Georgia has various undergraduate and graduate programs and it’s the first company in Georgia which offers international certificate programs of the Oracle Corporation, Microsoft, Zend technologies and Cisco Academy.

Caucasus University was established in 2004 as an expansion of the Caucasus School of Business (CSB) (established in 1998) by a consortium consisting of Tbilisi State University and Georgian Technical University in partnership with Georgia State University (Atlanta, USA). The Free University of Tbilisi was established in 2007 through the merger of two higher education schools: European School of Management (ESM-Tbilisi) and Tbilisi Institute of Asia and Africa (TIAA). Today Free University comprises three schools — Business School (ESM), Institute of Asia and Africa and Law School — delivering academic programs at the undergraduate, graduate and doctorate levels. In addition, Free University conducts a wide array of short-term courses and runs several research centers and summer school programs.

Higher educational institutions in Tbilisi:

  • Tbilisi State University
  • Ilia State University
  • Georgian Technical University
  • Tbilisi State Conservatory
  • Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film University
  • Sulkhan-Saba Orbeliani University
  • Tbilisi State Academy of Arts
  • The University of Georgia (Tbilisi)
  • Tbilisi State Medical University
  • Caucasus University
  • Caucasus International University
  • Tbilisi Medical Academy
  • Free University of Tbilisi
  • Grigol Robakidze University – Alma Mater
  • Georgian American University
  • International Black Sea University
  • Georgian Institute of Public Affairs
  • Agricultural University of Georgia
  • International School of Economics (ISET)
  • The University of Geomedi
  • New Vision University[98]

Panoramic view of Tbilisi from Narikala in 2016.

Edit

Tbilisi is home to many foreigners. The number of foreigners living and working in Tbilisi has risen in recent years together with the openings of international schools, businesses, expatriate communities, and online networks. Tbilisi is a very safe city.[99] Most of the expatriates live in Vake, Vera, Saburtalo, and Dighomi.

  • IWA, the International Women Association, is a non-profit organization founded in 1996; its members and participants are international and Georgian women.
  • Expats in Tbilisi was an online support network founded by UN and EU staff spouses in Georgia to support expatriates in finding information and all relevant resources in one place.
  • Inter-nation International[100]

Remnants of city walls, recently found in central Tbilisi

International relationsEdit

Twin towns and sister citiesEdit

Tbilisi is twinned with:[100]

  • Saarbrücken, Germany (1975)[100]
  • Nantes, France (1979)[100]
  • Ljubljana, Slovenia (1977)[100][101]
  • Innsbruck, Austria (1982)[100]
  • Atlanta, United States (1987)[100]
  • Palermo, Italy (1987)[100]
  • Bristol, United Kingdom (1988)[100][102]
  • Bilbao, Spain (1989)[100]
  • Yerevan, Armenia (1996)[100][103][104]
  • Kyiv, Ukraine (1999)[100]
  • Astana, Kazakhstan (2005)[100]
  • Vilnius, Lithuania (2009)[100]
  • Chișinău, Moldova (2011)[105]
  • Cairo, Egypt (2012)
  • Doha, Qatar (2012)[106]
  • Tehran, Iran (2015)[107]
  • Minsk, Belarus (2015) (partner since 1994)
  • Istanbul, Turkey (2016) (partner since 2006)[108]
  • Sofia, Bulgaria (2016)
  • Lima, Peru (2018)
  • Baku, Azerbaijan (2021)

(partner since 1997)[109]

  • Bucharest, Romania (2022)

PartnershipsEdit

  • Odesa, Ukraine (1996)
  • Ankara, Turkey (1996)
  • Baku, Azerbaijan (1997)
  • Athens, Greece (1997)
  • Paris, France (1997)
  • Jerusalem, Israel (1998)
  • Riga, Latvia (2007)
  • Kraków, Poland[110] (2009)
  • Warsaw, Poland (2010)
  • Budapest, Hungary (2011)
  • Kharkiv, Ukraine (2012)
  • Lviv, Ukraine (2013)
  • Lincoln, United States (2013)
  • Guangzhou, China (2014)
  • Lublin, Poland (2014)
  • Dublin, Ireland (2014)
  • Prague, Czech Republic[111]

See alsoEdit

  • Abo Tbileli, the patron saint of Tbilisi
  • Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline
  • List of Tbilisians

NotesEdit

  1. ^ Tbilisi is known by its former name Tiflis in a number of major languages, notably in Spanish, Persian, German, Turkish and others. Pre-1936 Russian sources use Tiflis as well.
  2. ^ Denotes the number of native speakers of Kartvelian languages.
  3. ^ Denotes the number of native speakers of Armenian; the number of Armenian Apostolics and Armenian Catholics was 50,801 or 31.8%.[55]

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  110. ^ «Kraków – Miasta Partnerskie» [Kraków -Partnership Cities]. Miejska Platforma Internetowa Magiczny Kraków (in Polish). Archived from the original on 2 July 2013. Retrieved 10 August 2013.
  111. ^ «Partnerská města HMP» [Prague – Twin Cities HMP]. Portál «Zahraniční vztahy» [Portal «Foreign Affairs»] (in Czech). 18 July 2013. Archived from the original on 25 June 2013. Retrieved 5 August 2013.

BibliographyEdit

  • Abuladze, David; Kurtishvili, Irina (March 2016). Stiller, Adolph (ed.). Tiflis: Architektur am Schnittpunkt der Kontinente (in English and German). Salzburg: Muery Salzmann. ISBN 978-3990141366.
  • Baulig, Josef; Maia Mania; Hans Mildenberg; Karl Ziegler (2004). Architekturführer Tbilisi (in German and Georgian). Landeshauptstadt Saarbrücken/Technische Universität Kaiserslautern. ISBN 978-3-936890-39-6.
  • Floor, Willem M. (2008). Titles and Emoluments in Safavid Iran: A Third Manual of Safavid Administration, by Mirza Naqi Nasiri. Washington, DC: Mage Publishers. pp. 1–324. ISBN 978-1933823232.
  • Hitchins, Keith (2001). «GEORGIA ii. History of Iranian-Georgian Relations». Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. X, Fasc. 4. pp. 464–470. Archived from the original on 26 August 2017. Retrieved 22 August 2017.
  • Кавказский календарь на 1907 год [Caucasian calendar for 1907] (in Russian) (62nd ed.). Tiflis: Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye.I.V. na Kavkaze, kazenny dom. 1907. Archived from the original on 31 January 2022.
  • Kazemzadeh, Firuz (1991). «Iranian relations with Russia and the Soviet Union, to 1921». In Peter, Avery; Hambly, Gavin; Melville, Charles (eds.). The Cambridge History of Iran (Vol. 7). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521200950.
  • Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivitch; Bealby, John Thomas (1911). «Tiflis (town)» . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 966–967.
  • Mikaberidze, Alexander (2015). Historical Dictionary of Georgia (2 ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. p. 628. ISBN 978-1442241466. Archived from the original on 28 May 2021. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
  • Minorsky, V. (1953). Studies in Caucasian History I. New Light on the Shaddadids of Ganja II. The Shaddadids of Ani III. Prehistory of Saladin. Cambridge University Press.
  • Rayfield, Donald (2013). Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia. Reaktion Books. ISBN 978-1780230702.
  • Rota, Giorgio (2012). «Safavid Persia and Its Diplomatic Relations with Venice». In Floor, Willem; Herzig, Edmund (eds.). Iran and the World in the Safavid Age. I.B. Tauris & Co. Ltd.
  • Salukvadze, Joseph; Golubchikov, Oleg (March 2016). «City as a geopolitics: Tbilisi, Georgia — A globalizing metropolis in a turbulent region». Cities. 52: 39–54. doi:10.1016/j.cities.2015.11.013.

Further readingEdit

  • Postcard from the Silk Road -(Georgia), TRAVELS – ESPECIALLY FOR „ZNAD WILII”, Leonard Drożdżewicz, „Znad Wilii”, Viešoji įstaiga „Znad Wilii” kultūros plėtros draugija,ISSN 1392-9712 indeks 327956 nr 1 (57) z 2014 r., pp. 87–98, (in Polish) http://www.znadwiliiwilno.lt/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Znad-Wilii-57m.pdf
  • Tbilisi’s largely forgotten and neglected Armenian heritage

External linksEdit

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tbilisi.

Wikiquote has quotations related to Tbilisi.

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Tbilisi.

  • Official website of the City of Tbilisi
Источник

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Tbilisi

Смотрите также: тбилиси 

  • Тбилиси — столица Грузии. Название Тбилиси впервые упоминается в IV в.; его появление связывают с наличием в городе теплых серных источников (груз. тбили теплый ). Древняя форма названия Тпилиси, из нее образованы названия города, принятые у других народов …   Географическая энциклопедия

  • Тбилиси — Тбилиси. Река Кура и Метехский собор (заложен в 1278 году). ТБИЛИСИ (до 1936 Тифлис), столица Грузии, на реке Кура. 1283 тыс. жителей. Железнодорожный узел. Метрополитен (1966). Машиностроение (станки, электровозы, приборы, сельскохозяйственные… …   Иллюстрированный энциклопедический словарь

  • Тбилиси —         столица Грузинской ССР. Известен с IV в., столица Грузии с XII в. Вытянут узкой полосой почти на 30 км в долине р. Кура и по прилегающим склонам гор. В юго восточной части Тбилиси находится его древнее ядро Старый город с узкими улицами,… …   Художественная энциклопедия

  • ТБИЛИСИ — (до 1936 Тифлис), столица Грузии, на реке Кура. 1283 тыс. жителей. Железнодорожный узел. Метрополитен (1966). Машиностроение (станки, электровозы, приборы, сельскохозяйственные машины, электротехническая аппаратура и др.), легкая (текстильная,… …   Современная энциклопедия

  • ТБИЛИСИ — (до 1936 в русской транскрипции Тифлис) столица Грузии, на р. Кура. Железнодорожный узел. 1279 тыс. жителей (1991; включая населенные пункты, подчиненные городской администрации, 1283 тыс. жителей). Машиностроение (производство станков,… …   Большой Энциклопедический словарь

  • тбилиси — Тифлис Словарь русских синонимов. тбилиси сущ., кол во синонимов: 3 • город (2765) • столица …   Словарь синонимов

  • Тбилиси — У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Тбилиси (значения). Город Тбилиси თბილისი …   Википедия

  • Тбилиси — (до 1936 в русской транскрипции Тифлис)         столица Грузинской ССР. Крупный индустриальный, научный и культурный центральный транспортный узел. Расположен в Тбилисской котловине, вдоль обоих берегов р. Куры, на высоте 406 522 м. Средняя… …   Большая советская энциклопедия

  • ТБИЛИСИ — ГРУЗИЯ Тбилиси (до 1936 года в русской транскрипции Тифлис), столица Грузии, расположен в долине реки Кура в горах Кавказа. Население города 1353000 жителей. Удобное положение города на одном из горных маршрутов, соединяющих Черное и Каспийское… …   Города и страны

  • ТБИЛИСИ — (до 1936 Тифлис) город, столица Груз. ССР, один из крупнейших пром., культурных и науч. центров СССР, расположен в долине р. Куры. Ж. д. узел, аэропорт, нач. пункт Воен. груз. дороги. На 1 янв. 1972 927 т. ж. (в 1897 160,6 т. ж., в 1926 294 т. ж …   Советская историческая энциклопедия

  • Тбилиси — Краткая история Тбилиси
    После присоединения к России в 1801 году стал центром Грузинской (с 1846 г. Тифлисской) губернии и резиденцией… …   Города мира

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    Тбили́си ( თბილისი, ( tbiˈliːsi)

    Остальные ответы

    Англо-русские и русско-английские словари и энциклопедии. English-Russian and Russian-English dictionaries and translations

    Русско-английский перевод ТБИЛИСИ

    муж.

    геогр. Tbilisi


    Большой Русско-Английский словарь.

         New big Russian-English dictionary.
    2012


    русский

    арабский
    немецкий
    английский
    испанский
    французский
    иврит
    итальянский
    японский
    голландский
    польский
    португальский
    румынский
    русский
    шведский
    турецкий
    украинский
    китайский


    английский

    Синонимы
    арабский
    немецкий
    английский
    испанский
    французский
    иврит
    итальянский
    японский
    голландский
    польский
    португальский
    румынский
    русский
    шведский
    турецкий
    украинский
    китайский
    украинский


    На основании Вашего запроса эти примеры могут содержать грубую лексику.


    На основании Вашего запроса эти примеры могут содержать разговорную лексику.

    Tbilisi

    Tbilisi-based

    Tblisi

    inTbilisi

    Tiflis

    tbilissi

    Georgia

    Georgian

    Предложения


    Знаменитая армянская церковь в Тбилиси по-прежнему закрыта.



    It was reported that a famous Armenian church in Tbilisi is still closed.


    Существует также большая азербайджанская община в Тбилиси.



    There is also a large Azeri community in the capital city of Tbilisi.


    Вот почему Генеральный секретарь Совета Европы недавно назначил специального представителя в Тбилиси.



    That is why the Secretary General of the Council of Europe has recently appointed a Special Representative in Tblisi.


    Вы руководили операцией в Тбилиси очень хорошо.



    Well, you handled the operation in Tbilisi very well.


    5800 голландских кур ждут меня в Тбилиси.



    5,800 Dutch chickens are waiting for me in Tbilisi.


    Они поступили разумно, уехали в Тбилиси.



    I believe they have very sensibly gone to Tbilisi.


    Продолжает функционировать отделение связи в Тбилиси в составе четырех военных наблюдателей.



    A liaison office at Tbilisi continues to function with a strength of four military observers.


    Тбилиси — город красивый и для моего глаза необычный, здания красиво подсвечиваются…



    Tbilisi — a beautiful city and unusual to my eye, the buildings are beautifully lit…


    Согласно местным источникам, в столичном Тбилиси насчитывается примерно 1000 беспризорных детей.



    According to local sources there are approximately 1,000 street children in the capital, Tbilisi.


    Это постановление суда было обжаловано как Свидетелями Иеговы, так и прокуратурой Тбилиси.



    This court decision was appealed by both the Jehovah’s Witnesses and the prosecutor’s office in Tbilisi.


    Затем г-н Пастухов посетил Тбилиси, где был принят президентом Шеварднадзе.



    Mr. Pastukhov then visited Tbilisi, where he was received by President Shevardnadze.


    В Тбилиси приступили к составлению планов боевых действий.



    In Tbilisi they began drawing up plans for military action.


    Я добрался до центра Тбилиси по автостраде с интенсивным движением.



    I got to the centre of Tbilisi on the motorway in a heavy traffic.


    Отделение связи в Тбилиси должно начать функционировать к 1 ноября.



    The liaison office at Tbilisi should be in place by 1 November.


    В состав комиссии входят мэр Тбилиси и руководители участвующих в проекте коммерческих банков.



    The jury will be formed by the Tbilisi Mayor and heads of project participant commercial banks.


    Географические особенности расположения Тбилиси не позволяют нормально передвигаться большому числу автомобилей.



    The specific geography of Tbilisi cannot permit the operation of a large number of vehicles.


    В местах содержания под стражей в Тбилиси медицинский персонал имеется в распоряжении круглосуточно.



    The Medical Personnel is available 24 hours a day in the places of detention in Tbilisi.


    При этом лицемерию Тбилиси нет границ.



    In so doing, the hypocrisy of Tbilisi knows no bounds.


    Издание публикации о Международном форуме в Тбилиси.



    The issuance of a publication dealing with the Tbilisi International Forum.


    По инициативе Фонда Гейдара Алиева в Тбилиси состоялась благотворительная акция.



    A charity event was held in Tbilisi at the initiative of the Heydar Aliyev Foundation.

    Ничего не найдено для этого значения.

    Результатов: 2500. Точных совпадений: 2500. Затраченное время: 69 мс

    тбилиси марриотт

    Documents

    Корпоративные решения

    Спряжение

    Синонимы

    Корректор

    Справка и о нас

    Индекс слова: 1-300, 301-600, 601-900

    Индекс выражения: 1-400, 401-800, 801-1200

    Индекс фразы: 1-400, 401-800, 801-1200

    Источник

    Морфемный разбор слова:

    Однокоренные слова к слову:

    tbilisi

    1 Tbilisi

    2 Tbilisi

    3 Tbilisi

    4 Tbilisi

    5 Tbilisi

    6 tbilisi

    7 Tbilisi

    8 Tbilisi

    9 Tbilisi

    10 Tbilisi

    11 Tbilisi

    12 Tbilisi

    13 tbilisi

    См. также в других словарях:

    Tbilisi — თბილისი Panoramic view of Tbilisi … Wikipedia

    Tbilisi — თბილისი (Georgian), Tiflis (Dutch, German, Spanish, Turkish, Azeri, former English, former Romanian, former Finnish), Ţpilisi ტფილისი (Georgian [archaic]), Tbilisi (Italian, Latvian, Maltese, Polish, Romanian, Serbian, Slovene, Swedish),… … Names of cities in different languages

    Tbilisi — er hovedstaden i Georgien. Byen er beliggende ved Kura floden, og har mere end 1,25 millioner indbyggere. Det russiske navn for Tbilisi, som undertiden også kan ses anvendt om byen i vesten, er Tiflis. Danmark har et konsulat i byen. Konsulatet… … Danske encyklopædi

    Tbìlisi — (Tiflis pov.) m glavni grad Gruzije … Veliki rječnik hrvatskoga jezika

    Tbilisi — the capital city of the Republic of ↑Georgia … Dictionary of contemporary English

    Tbilisi — → Tiflis … Diccionario panhispánico de dudas

    Tbilisi — Tbìlisi (Tiflis) DEFINICIJA pov. m glavni grad Gruzije, 1.279.000 stan … Hrvatski jezični portal

    Tbilisi — [tə bə lē′sē, tə bil′i sē΄] capital of the country of Georgia, on the Kura River: pop. 1,300,000 … English World dictionary

    Tbilisi — Tiflis თბილისი Wappen Flagge … Deutsch Wikipedia

    Tbilisi — Original name in latin Tbilisi Name in other language Gorad Tbilisi, TBILISI, TBS, Tbilis, Tbilisi, Tbilisi tbilisi, Tbilisi Tbilisi osh, Tbilisis, Tbiliso, Tbilissi, Tbilisy, Tbiliszi, Tbilsi, Tblisi, Thbilisi, Tibilisi, Tiblisi, Tibls Tiflis,… … Cities with a population over 1000 database

    Tbilisi — Город Тбилиси груз. თბილისი Флаг Герб … Википедия

    Источник

    тбилиси

    1 Тбилиси

    2 Тбилиси

    3 Тбилиси

    4 Тбилиси

    5 Тбилиси

    6 Тбилиси

    7 Тбилиси

    См. также в других словарях:

    Тбилиси — столица Грузии. Название Тбилиси впервые упоминается в IV в.; его появление связывают с наличием в городе теплых серных источников (груз. тбили теплый ). Древняя форма названия Тпилиси, из нее образованы названия города, принятые у других народов … Географическая энциклопедия

    Тбилиси — Тбилиси. Река Кура и Метехский собор (заложен в 1278 году). ТБИЛИСИ (до 1936 Тифлис), столица Грузии, на реке Кура. 1283 тыс. жителей. Железнодорожный узел. Метрополитен (1966). Машиностроение (станки, электровозы, приборы, сельскохозяйственные… … Иллюстрированный энциклопедический словарь

    Тбилиси — столица Грузинской ССР. Известен с IV в., столица Грузии с XII в. Вытянут узкой полосой почти на 30 км в долине р. Кура и по прилегающим склонам гор. В юго восточной части Тбилиси находится его древнее ядро Старый город с узкими улицами,… … Художественная энциклопедия

    ТБИЛИСИ — (до 1936 Тифлис), столица Грузии, на реке Кура. 1283 тыс. жителей. Железнодорожный узел. Метрополитен (1966). Машиностроение (станки, электровозы, приборы, сельскохозяйственные машины, электротехническая аппаратура и др.), легкая (текстильная,… … Современная энциклопедия

    ТБИЛИСИ — (до 1936 в русской транскрипции Тифлис) столица Грузии, на р. Кура. Железнодорожный узел. 1279 тыс. жителей (1991; включая населенные пункты, подчиненные городской администрации, 1283 тыс. жителей). Машиностроение (производство станков,… … Большой Энциклопедический словарь

    тбилиси — Тифлис Словарь русских синонимов. тбилиси сущ., кол во синонимов: 3 • город (2765) • столица … Словарь синонимов

    Тбилиси — У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Тбилиси (значения). Город Тбилиси თბილისი … Википедия

    Тбилиси — (до 1936 в русской транскрипции Тифлис) столица Грузинской ССР. Крупный индустриальный, научный и культурный центральный транспортный узел. Расположен в Тбилисской котловине, вдоль обоих берегов р. Куры, на высоте 406 522 м. Средняя… … Большая советская энциклопедия

    ТБИЛИСИ — ГРУЗИЯ Тбилиси (до 1936 года в русской транскрипции Тифлис), столица Грузии, расположен в долине реки Кура в горах Кавказа. Население города 1353000 жителей. Удобное положение города на одном из горных маршрутов, соединяющих Черное и Каспийское… … Города и страны

    ТБИЛИСИ — (до 1936 Тифлис) город, столица Груз. ССР, один из крупнейших пром., культурных и науч. центров СССР, расположен в долине р. Куры. Ж. д. узел, аэропорт, нач. пункт Воен. груз. дороги. На 1 янв. 1972 927 т. ж. (в 1897 160,6 т. ж., в 1926 294 т. ж … Советская историческая энциклопедия

    Тбилиси — Краткая история Тбилиси После присоединения к России в 1801 году стал центром Грузинской (с 1846 г. Тифлисской) губернии и резиденцией… … Города мира

    Источник

    Tbilisi Georgia

    1 Tbilisi, Georgia

    См. также в других словарях:

    Tbilisi — თბილისი Panoramic view of Tbilisi … Wikipedia

    Georgia (country) — Georgia[1] საქართველო Sakartvelo … Wikipedia

    Georgia — Para otros usos de este término, véase Georgia (desambiguación). საქართველო sak art velo Georgia … Wikipedia Español

    Tbilisi Sakrebulo — The Tbilisi Sakrebulo ( ka. თბილისის საკრებულო, tbilisis sakrebulo ) is a representative body in the city government of Tbilisi, Georgia. It is also known in English as the Tbilisi City Council or Tbilisi Assembly. The Sakrebulo is responsible… … Wikipedia

    Tbilisi Opera and Ballet Theatre — Infobox building building name = Tbilisi Academic Opera and Ballet Theater | caption = Tbilisi Opera and Ballet Theater Hall building type = Performance venue architectural style = Pseudo Moresque location = Tbilisi, Georgia owner = Municipality… … Wikipedia

    Tbilisi Sports Palace — Infobox Stadium stadium name = Tbilisi Sports Palace| nickname = location = May 26 sqr. 1, Tbilisi 380071, Georgia [ [http://www.sport.ge/sportcomplex/sportcomplex.html Sport in Georgia Sport Complex] ] broke ground = opened = 1961 renovated =… … Wikipedia

    Tbilisi State University — Infobox University name = Tbilisi State University native name = თბილისის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტი latin name = motto = established = 1918 type = Public endowment = staff = faculty = 5000 president = provost = principal = rector = Prof. Giorgi… … Wikipedia

    Georgia national football team — Infobox National football team Name = Georgia Badge = Georgia football association.gif FIFA Trigramme = GEO Nickname = Jvarosnebi (Crusaders) Association = Georgian Football Federation Confederation = UEFA (Europe) Coach = flagicon|Argentina… … Wikipedia

    Georgia national rugby league team — Infobox rugby league nation Name = Georgia Badge = Badge size = 100px Nickname = 13 Georgians Association = Georgia Rugby League Region = Europe Coach = flagicon|Georgia David Kilassonia Captain = flagicon|Georgia Virso Kadadze Most caps = Top… … Wikipedia

    Источник

    Грузия

    1 Грузия

    2 Грузия

    3 Грузия

    4 Грузия

    5 Грузия

    6 Грузия

    7 Грузия

    8 Грузия

    9 Грузия

    10 Грузия

    См. также в других словарях:

    ГРУЗИЯ — [Грузия; груз. საჟართველო], гос во в центральной и зап. части Закавказья. Сакартвело, название страны по грузински, происходит от груз. «карт», «картвели» (грузин), к рое в свою очередь восходит к названию центральной исторической провинции Г.… … Православная энциклопедия

    Грузия — Грузия. Панорама пос. Местиа. ГРУЗИЯ (Республика Грузия), государство в центральной и западной части Закавказья, на западе омывается Черным морем. Площадь 69,7 тыс. км2. население 5482 тыс. человек, городское 56%; грузины (70,1%), осетины (3,0%) … Иллюстрированный энциклопедический словарь

    ГРУЗИЯ — (Сакартвело) республика Грузия, в центральной и западной части Закавказья, на западе омывается Черным м. 69,7 тыс. км&sup2. Население 5493 тыс. человек (1993), городское 56%; грузины (3787 тыс. человек; 1989, перепись), осетины, абхазы, армяне,… … Большой Энциклопедический словарь

    грузия — Иберия, край вечной весны Словарь русских синонимов. грузия сущ., кол во синонимов: 4 • гогистан (1) • иберия … Словарь синонимов

    Грузия — ГРУЗИЯ, ныне Груз. ССР. Материалов о пребывании поэта в Г. немного. Известно, что в апр. 1837 Л. был направлен в Нижегородский драгун. полк, к рый стоял в Караагаче в Кахетии, но прибыл туда лишь во 2 й пол. октября по Военно Грузинской дороге.… … Лермонтовская энциклопедия

    Грузия — (Georgia), гос во в Закавказье на вост. побережье Черного моря. Это древн. христ. царство страдало от набегов Тимура (1386 1403), турок османов, подвергалось давлению со стороны Ирана. В 1783 г. Г. согласилась признать своим сюзереном Россию,… … Всемирная история

    ГРУЗИЯ — Республика расположена в центральной и западной части Закавказья. Территория 69,7 тыс.кв.км, население 5464 тыс.человек (1990). Большая часть территории покрыта горами. Климат переходный от субтропического до умеренного. Ведущие отрасли промышле … Мировое овцеводство

    ГРУЗИЯ — Республика Грузия, государство в Центральном и Западном Закавказье. В состав Грузии входят две автономные республики Аджария и Абхазия. Грузия. Столица Тбилиси. Население: 5431 тыс. человек (1998). Плотность населения 78 человек на 1 кв. км.… … Энциклопедия Кольера

    Грузия — У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Грузия (значения). Грузия საქართველო … Википедия

    Грузия — (Сакартвело), Республика Грузия (Сакартвелос Республика), государство в центральной и западной части Закавказья, на западе омывается Чёрным морем. 69,7 тыс. км2. Население 5493 тыс. человек (1993), городское 56%; грузины (3787 тыс. человек; 1989 … Энциклопедический словарь

    Источник

    Теперь вы знаете какие однокоренные слова подходят к слову Как пишется тбилиси на английском языке, а так же какой у него корень, приставка, суффикс и окончание. Вы можете дополнить список однокоренных слов к слову «Как пишется тбилиси на английском языке», предложив свой вариант в комментариях ниже, а также выразить свое несогласие проведенным с морфемным разбором.

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    Home>Слова, начинающиеся на букву Т>Тбилиси>Перевод на английский язык

    Как будет Тбилиси по-английски

    Здесь Вы найдете слово Тбилиси на английском языке. Надеемся, это поможет Вам улучшить свой английский язык.

    Вот как будет Тбилиси по-английски:

    Tbilisi
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    Тбилиси на всех языках

    Другие слова рядом со словом Тбилиси

    • Ташкент
    • тащить
    • таять
    • Тбилиси
    • твердая валюта
    • твердая вера
    • твердая убежденность

    Цитирование

    «Тбилиси по-английски.» In Different Languages, https://www.indifferentlanguages.com/ru/%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE/%D1%82%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8/%D0%BF%D0%BE-%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8.

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    • лавировать
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    Перевод «Тбилиси» на английский

    Предложения


    Тбилиси отказывается признавать их независимыми республиками.



    However, Tbilisi was reluctant to recognize them as separate states.


    Правительство в Тбилиси все делает правильно.



    The article says the government in Tbilisi is doing almost everything right.


    Завод планируется построить в окрестностях Тбилиси.



    Construction of the plant is planned at the nearby area of Tbilisi.


    1906 в Тбилиси насчитывалось 30 профсоюзов.



    By the end of 1906 there were 30 trade unions in Tbilisi.


    Утром 2-го дня приготовьтесь исследовать славу Тбилиси.



    On the morning of Day 2, get set to experience the glories of Tbilisi.


    Утром 2-го дня приготовьтесь исследовать славу Тбилиси.



    On the morning of Day 2, get ready to explore Tbilisi’s glory.


    Второй — это большое количество безработных в Тбилиси.



    The second one: — There is a great number of unemployed citizens in Tbilisi.


    Официальная нота протеста была направлена советнику российского посла в Тбилиси.



    An official note of protest was sent to the adviser to the Russian ambassador in Tbilisi over the incident.


    Существует также большая азербайджанская община в Тбилиси.



    There is also a large Azeri community in the capital city of Tbilisi.


    Знаменитая армянская церковь в Тбилиси по-прежнему закрыта.



    It was reported that a famous Armenian church in Tbilisi is still closed.


    В 19-м веке Тбилиси становится европейским городом.



    In the 19th century, Tbilisi starts to develop into a European city.


    Москва и Тбилиси вновь обмениваются обвинениями.



    Moscow and Tbilisi have been constantly exchanging accusations.


    Возвращение в Тбилиси, вечером ужин.



    We return to Tbilisi in the evening for dinner.


    Тбилиси — город, чья история насчитывает более тысячи лет.



    Tbilisi is a city whose history goes back more than one thousand years.


    Эта встреча проводится в Тбилиси впервые.



    We are in Tbilisi for the first time.


    Отсюда можно увидеть весь старый Тбилиси.



    You can see the whole Tbilisi from above there.


    Но настоящую встречу с Тбилиси удалось совершить только спустя несколько лет.



    But the real meeting with Tbilisi was accomplished only a few years later.


    Но недавние успехи городских активистов Тбилиси указывают на иное.



    But the recent successes of Tbilisi’s urban activists indicate otherwise.


    Я хочу откликнуться на сегодняшние события в Тбилиси.



    I want to respond to today’s events in Tbilisi.


    Можно совершить пеший подъем, что даст возможность ближе почувствовать дух старого Тбилиси.



    You can make a foot ascent that will enable closer feel the spirit of old Tbilisi.

    Ничего не найдено для этого значения.

    Предложения, которые содержат Тбилиси

    Результатов: 10184. Точных совпадений: 10184. Затраченное время: 64 мс

    Источник

    Tbilisi

    თბილისი

    Capital city

    2014 Tbilisi, Widoki z Twierdzy Narikala (36).jpg

    2014 Tbilisi, Pomnik Wolności z konnym posągiem świętego Jerzego (07).jpg

    Tbilisi IMG 8850 1920.jpg

    Top to bottom:
    View of Tbilisi from the right bank of the Kura River,
    Monument of St. George on Freedom Square,
    View of the Narikala Fortress from the left bank of Kura

    Flag of Tbilisi

    Flag

    Official seal of Tbilisi

    Seal

    Tbilisi is located in Tbilisi

    Tbilisi

    Tbilisi

    Tbilisi is located in Georgia

    Tbilisi

    Tbilisi

    Tbilisi is located in Caucasus mountains

    Tbilisi

    Tbilisi
    Coordinates: 41°43′21″N 44°47′33″E / 41.72250°N 44.79250°ECoordinates: 41°43′21″N 44°47′33″E / 41.72250°N 44.79250°E
    Country  Georgia
    Established AD 455[2]
    Government
     • Type Mayor–Council
     • Body Tbilisi Sakrebulo
     • Mayor Kakha Kaladze (GD)[3]
    Area

    [4]
     • Capital city 504.2 km2 (194.7 sq mi)
     • Metro 726 km2 (280 sq mi)
    Highest elevation 770 m (2,530 ft)
    Lowest elevation 380 m (1,250 ft)
    Population

     (2021)
     • Capital city 1,202,731[1]
     • Density 3,194.38/km2 (8,273.4/sq mi)
     • Metro 1,485,293
    Demonym(s) Tbilisian
    Tbiliseli (In Georgian)
    Population by ethnicity[5]
     • Georgians 89.9 %
     • Armenians 4.8 %
     • Azerbaijanis 1.4 %
     • Russians 1.2 %
     • Yazidis 1.0 %
     • Others 1.7 %
    Time zone UTC+4 (Georgian Time)
    Area code +995 32
    Gross regional product[6] 2020
     – Total GEL24.9bil.
    ($8B)
     – Per capita $6,700
    HDI (2021) 0.824[7] – very high
    Website tbilisi.gov.ge

    Tbilisi ( tə-bil-EE-see, tə-BIL-iss-ee;[8] Georgian: თბილისი Georgian pronunciation: [tʰbilisi]), in some languages still known by its pre-1936 name Tiflis[a] ( TIF-liss),[8] is the capital and the largest city of Georgia, lying on the banks of the Kura River with a population around 1.5 million people. Tbilisi was founded in the fifth century AD by Vakhtang I of Iberia, and since then has served as the capital of various Georgian kingdoms and republics. Between 1801 and 1917, then part of the Russian Empire, Tiflis was the seat of the Caucasus Viceroyalty, governing both the northern and the southern parts of the Caucasus.

    Because of its location on the crossroads between Europe and Asia, and its proximity to the lucrative Silk Road, throughout history, Tbilisi was a point of contention among various global powers. To this day the city’s location ensures its position as an important transit route for energy and trade projects. Tbilisi’s history is reflected in its architecture, which is a mix of medieval, neoclassical, Beaux Arts, Art Nouveau, Stalinist, and Modern structures.

    Historically, Tbilisi has been home to people of multiple cultural, ethnic, and religious backgrounds, though it is overwhelmingly Eastern Orthodox Christian. Its notable tourist destinations include cathedrals Sameba and Sioni, Freedom Square, Rustaveli Avenue and Agmashenebeli Avenue, medieval Narikala Fortress, the pseudo-Moorish Opera Theater, and the Georgian National Museum. The climate in Tbilisi mostly ranges from 20 to 32 °C (68 to 90 °F) in the summer and −1 to 7 °C (30 to 45 °F) in the winter.

    Names and etymology[edit]

    The name «Tbilisi» derives from Old Georgian t′bilisi (Asomtavruli: ႧႡႨႪႨႱႨ, Mkhedruli: თბილისი), and further from tpili (Modern Georgian: თბილი, warm, itself from Old Georgian: ႲႴႨႪႨ ṭpili). The name T′bili or T′bilisi (warm location) was therefore given to the city because of the area’s numerous sulfuric hot springs.

    Until 1936, the name of the city in English and most other languages followed the Persian pronunciation[9] Tiflis, while the Georgian name was ტფილისი (Tpilisi).[10]

    On 17 August 1936, by order of the Soviet leadership, the official Russian names of various cities were changed to more closely match the local language.[10] In addition, the Georgian-language form T′pilisi was modernized on the basis of a proposal by Georgian linguists; the ancient Georgian component ტფილი (tpili, ‘warm’) was replaced by the newer თბილი (t′bili).[10] This form was the basis for a new official Russian name (Тбилиси Tbilisi). Most other languages have subsequently adopted the new name form, but some languages such as Turkish, Persian, Greek, Spanish, and German have retained a variation of Tiflis.

    On 20 September 2006, the Georgian parliament held a ceremony celebrating the 70th anniversary of the renaming.

    Some of the traditional names of Tbilisi in other languages of the region have different roots. The Ossetian name Калак (Kalak) derives from the Georgian word ქალაქი (kalaki) meaning simply city. Chechen and Ingush names for the city use a form similar to or the same as their names for the country of Georgia (Гуьржех Gürƶex) as does the historical Kabardian name (Курджы Kwrdžə), while Abkhaz Қарҭ (Ķarţ) is from the Mingrelian ქართი (Karti).

    History[edit]

    Early history[edit]

    Archaeologists discovered evidence of continuous habitation of the Tbilisi suburb of Dighomi since the early Bronze Age, and stone artifacts dating to the Paleolithic age.[11]

    During the late Bronze Age to early Iron Age, it was the largest settlement in the Caucasus.[12] According to legend, the present-day territory of Tbilisi was covered by forests as late as 458. One widely accepted variant of the Tbilisi foundation myth states that King Vakhtang I of Iberia (r. c. 447/49 – 502/22) went hunting in the heavily wooded region with a falcon (sometimes the falcon is replaced with either a hawk or other small birds of prey in the legend). The king’s falcon allegedly caught or injured a pheasant during the hunt, after which both birds fell into a nearby hot spring and died from burns. King Vakhtang became so impressed with the hot springs that he decided to clear the forest and build a city on the location.

    King Dachi of Iberia (r. 522–534), the successor of Vakhtang I, moved the capital of Iberia from Mtskheta to Tbilisi and began construction of the fortress wall that lined the city’s new boundaries.[13] From the sixth century, Tbilisi grew at a steady pace due to the region’s strategic location along with important trade and travel routes between Europe and Asia.

    Foreign domination[edit]

    Tbilisi’s favorable trade location, however, did not necessarily bode well for its survival. Located strategically in the heart of the Caucasus between Europe and Asia, Tbilisi became an object of rivalry among the region’s various powers such as the Roman Empire, Parthia, Sassanid Persia, Muslim Arabs, the Byzantine Empire, and the Seljuk Turks. The cultural development of the city was somewhat dependent on who ruled the city at various times, although Tbilisi was fairly cosmopolitan.

    From 570 to 580, the Persians ruled the city until 627, when Tbilisi was sacked by the Byzantine/Khazar armies and later, in 736–738, Arab armies entered the town under Marwan II. After this point, the Arabs established an emirate centered in Tbilisi. In 764, Tbilisi – still under Arab control – was once again sacked by the Khazars. In 853, the armies of Arab leader Bugha Al-Turki invaded Tbilisi in order to enforce its return to Abbasid allegiance. The Arab domination of Tbilisi continued until about 1050. In 1065, the Seljuk Sultan Alp Arslan campaigned against the Kingdom of Georgia, subjugated Tbilisi, and built a mosque in the city.[14]

    Capital of Georgia[edit]

    In 1121, after heavy fighting with the Seljuks, the troops of King David IV of Georgia besieged Tbilisi, which ended in 1122, and as a result, David moved his residence from Kutaisi to Tbilisi, making it the capital of a unified Georgian State, thus inaugurating the Georgian Golden Age. From the 12–13th centuries, Tbilisi became a regional power with a thriving economy and astonishing cultural output. By the end of the 12th century, the population of Tbilisi had reached 100,000. The city also became an important literary and cultural center, not only for Georgia, but also for the Eastern Orthodox world of the time. During Queen Tamar’s reign, Shota Rustaveli worked in Tbilisi while writing his legendary epic poem, «The Knight in the Panther’s Skin». This period is often referred to as «Georgia’s Golden Age»[15] or the Georgian Renaissance.[16]

    Mongol domination and other instability[edit]

    Detail from the Nautical chart by Angelino Dulcert, depicting Georgian Black Sea coast and Tiflis, 1339

    Tbilisi’s «Golden Age» did not last for more than a century. In 1226, Tbilisi was captured by the Khwarezmian Empire Shah Jalal ad-Din, and its defenses severely devastated and prone to Mongol armies. In 1236, after suffering crushing defeats to the Mongols, Georgia came under Mongol domination. The nation itself maintained a form of semi-independence and did not lose its statehood, but Tbilisi was strongly influenced by the Mongols for the next century both politically and culturally. In the 1320s, the Mongols retreated from Georgia and Tbilisi became the capital of an independent Georgian state once again. An outbreak of the plague struck the city in 1366.

    From the late 14th until the end of the 18th century, Tbilisi came under the rule of various foreign invaders once again and on several occasions was completely burnt to the ground. In 1386, Tbilisi was invaded and sacked several times by the armies of Tamerlane. In 1440, the city was invaded and destroyed by Jahan Shah (the Shah of the town of Tabriz in Persia). From 1477 to 1478 the city was held by the Ak Koyunlu tribesmen of Uzun Hassan.

    Iranian control[edit]

    As early as the 1510s, Tbilisi (and the kingdoms of Kartli and Kakheti) were made vassal territories of Safavid Iran.[17] In 1522, Tbilisi was garrisoned for the first time by a large Safavid force.[18][19] Following the death of king (shah) Ismail I (r. 1501–1524), king David X of Kartli expelled the Iranians. During this period, many parts of Tbilisi were reconstructed and rebuilt. The four campaigns of the king Tahmasp I (r. 1524–1576) resulted in the reoccupation of Kartli and Kakheti, and a Safavid force was permanently stationed in Tbilisi from 1551 onwards.[18][20] With the 1555 Treaty of Amasya, and more firmly from 1614 to 1747, with brief intermissions, Tbilisi was an important city under Iranian rule, and it functioned as a seat of the Iranian vassal kings of Kartli whom the shah conferred with the title of vali. In 1718, the Venetian senate implored the Safavid emperor Soltan Hoseyn to protect the Catholic Armenians and Capuchin missionaries in Tbilisi from the Gregorian Armenians.[21] Under the later rules of Teimuraz II and Heraclius II, Tbilisi became a vibrant political and cultural center free of foreign rule—but, fearful of the constant threat of invasion, Georgia’s rulers sought Russian protection in the 1783 Treaty of Georgievsk. Despite this agreement, the city was captured and devastated in 1795 by the Iranian Qajar ruler Agha Mohammad Khan, who sought to re-establish Iran’s traditional sovereignty over the region.[22][23][24]

    Russian control[edit]

    The coat of arms of Tiflis under Russian rule

    In 1801, the Russian Empire annexed the Georgian Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti (of which Tbilisi was the capital), later cementing its rule with the Treaty of Gulistan of 1813,[25][26] which ended Iranian control of Georgia.[27] Within Tsarist Russia, Tbilisi (known then as Tiflis) was included within the Tiflis Uyezd county in 1801, and became the administrative center of the Tiflis Governorate (Gubernia) following the latter’s establishment in 1846. Russian Imperial administrators implemented a new European-style city plan and commissioned new buildings in Western styles. Roads and railroads were built to connect Tbilisi to other important cities in the Russian Empire, such as Batumi and Poti. By the 1850s, Tbilisi once again emerged as a major trade and cultural center. The likes of Ilia Chavchavadze, Akaki Tsereteli, Mirza Fatali Akhundzade, Iakob Gogebashvili, Alexander Griboyedov and many other statesmen, poets and artists all found their home in Tbilisi. The city was visited on numerous occasions by and was the object of affection of Alexander Pushkin, Leo Tolstoy, Mikhail Lermontov, the Romanov family and others. The main new artery built under Russian administration was Golovin Avenue (present-day Rustaveli Avenue), on which the Viceroys of the Caucasus established their residence. For much of the early 19th century, Tbilisi’s largest ethnic group was Armenian, at some point forming 74.3% of the population.[28]

    • "Dry Bridge", constructed by Italian architect Antonio Scudieri

      «Dry Bridge», constructed by Italian architect Antonio Scudieri

    • Building of the Tbilisi City Hall

    • Grand Hotel "Kavkaz" in central Tbilisi, c 1900

      Grand Hotel «Kavkaz» in central Tbilisi, c 1900

    • Tatar bazaar and with the Metekhi Orthodox church seen on the cliff

      Tatar bazaar and with the Metekhi Orthodox church seen on the cliff

    Brief independence[edit]

    After the Russian Revolution of 1917, the city served as a location of the Transcaucasus interim government which established, in the spring of 1918, the short-lived independent Transcaucasian Federation with the capital in Tbilisi. At this time, Tbilisi had roughly the same number of Armenians as Georgians, with Russians being the third largest ethnic group.[29] It was in the former Viceroy of the Caucasus’s palace where the independence of three Transcaucasus nations – Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan – was declared by their respective national councils on 26 to 28 May 1918. After this, Tbilisi functioned as the capital of the Democratic Republic of Georgia until 25 February 1921. From 1918 to 1919, the city also consecutively served as the headquarters of the country’s German garrison[citation needed] and later the British 27th Division;[30] Tbilisi was also the main office of the British Chief Commissioner in Transcaucasia, Oliver Wardrop[31] and the High Commissioner to Armenia, Colonel William N. Haskell.[32]

    Under the national government, Tbilisi turned into the first Caucasian University City after the Tbilisi State University was founded in 1918.[33] On 25 February 1921, the Bolshevist Russian 11th Red Army invaded[34][35] Tbilisi and after bitter fighting at the outskirts of the city, declared Soviet rule.

    Soviet rule[edit]

    The Red Army entered Tbilisi on 25 February 1921

    In 1921, the Democratic Republic of Georgia was occupied by the Soviet Bolshevik forces from Russia, and until 1936 Tbilisi functioned first as the capital city of the Transcaucasian SFSR (which included Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia), and afterward until 1991 as the capital of the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic. During Soviet rule, Tbilisi’s population grew significantly, the city became more industrialized, and it also came to be an important political, social, and cultural centre of the Soviet Union. In 1980 the city housed the first state-sanctioned rock festival in the USSR. As a major tourist destination for both Soviet citizens and foreign visitors, Tbilisi’s «Old Town» (the neighborhoods within the original city walls) was reconstructed in the 1970s and 1980s.[36]

    Tbilisi witnessed mass anti-Russian demonstrations during 1956 in the 9 March Massacre, in protest against the anti-Stalin policies of Nikita Khrushchev. Peaceful protests occurred in 1978, and in 1989 the April 9 tragedy was a peaceful protest that turned violent.

    Post-independence[edit]

    Since the break-up of the Soviet Union, Tbilisi has experienced periods of significant instability and turmoil. After a brief civil war, which the city endured for two weeks from December 1991 to January 1992 (when pro-Gamsakhurdia and Opposition forces clashed), Tbilisi became the scene of frequent armed confrontations among various mafia clans and illegal business operators. Even during the Shevardnadze Era (1993–2003), crime and corruption became rampant at most levels of society. Many segments of society became impoverished because of unemployment caused by the crumbling economy. Average citizens of Tbilisi started to become increasingly disillusioned with the existing quality of life in the city (and in the nation in general). Mass protests took place in November 2003 after falsified parliamentary elections forced more than 100,000 people into the streets and concluded with the Rose Revolution. Since 2003, Tbilisi has experienced considerably more stability with decreasing crime rates, an improved economy, and a real estate boom.[37] During the 2008 South Ossetia war, the Tbilisi area was hit by multiple Russian air attacks.

    After the war, several large-scale projects were started, including a streetcar system,[38] a railway bypass and a relocation of the central station,[39] and new urban highways.[40] In June 2015, a flood killed at least twenty people and caused animals from the city’s zoo to be released into the streets.[41]

    Politics and administration[edit]

    Sameba cathedral and the president’s palace, Tbilisi, Georgia

    The status of Tbilisi, as the nation’s capital, is defined by the Article 10 in the Constitution of Georgia (1995) and the Law on Georgia’s Capital – Tbilisi (20 February 1998).[42]

    Tbilisi is governed by the Tbilisi City Assembly (Sakrebulo) and the Tbilisi City Hall (Meria). The City Assembly and mayor are elected once every four years by direct elections. The Mayor of Tbilisi is Kakha Kaladze and the Chairman of the Tbilisi city Assembly is Giorgi Alibegashvili.

    Districts[edit]

    Administratively, the city is divided into raions (districts), which have their own units of central and local government with jurisdiction over a limited scope of affairs. This subdivision was established under Soviet rule in the 1930s, following the general subdivision of the Soviet Union. Since Georgia regained independence, the raion system was modified and reshuffled. According to the latest revision, Tbilisi raions include:

    • Mtatsminda District Including Neighborhoods: Mtatsminda, Sololaki, Vera, Kiketi, Kojori, Shindisi, Tsavkisi, Tabakhmela
    • Vake District Including Neighborhoods: Vake, Bagebi, Vazha Pshavela Quarters, Tskneti, Nutsubidze Plato
    • Saburtalo District Including Neighborhoods: Delisi, Vedzisi, Vashlijvari, Bakhtrioni, Khiliani, Didi Dighomi, Zurgovana
    • Krtsanisi District Including Neighborhoods: Kala, Ortachala, Ponichala
    • Isani District Including Neighborhoods: Avlabari, Navtlughi, Metromsheni, Vazisubani, Eighth Legioni
    • Samgori District Including Neighborhoods: Varketili, Third Array, Orkhevi, Dampalo, Lilo, Lower Samgori
    • Chughureti District Including Neighborhoods: Chughureti, Kukia, Svanetisubani
    • Didube District Including Neighborhoods: Didube, Dighomi Massive
    • Nadzaladevi District Including Neighborhoods: Nadzaladevi, Sanzona, Temka, Lotkini, Old Nadzaladevi
    • Gldani District Including Neighborhoods: Gldani Massive, Avchala, Mukhiani, Gldanula

    Overview of Tbilisi districts
    District Name Population
    (as of 2017)[43]     		Area ( Km2)[44]
    Mtatsminda District 49.052 73
    Vake District 111.903 61.7
    Saburtalo District 138.493 75.5
    Krtsanisi District 39.286 31.7
    Isani District 125.610 16.7
    Samgori District 177.844 128.4
    Chughureti District 65.230 14.3
    Didube District 70.018 8.4
    Nadzaladevi District 154.067 42
    Gldani District 177.214 50.3

    Seal of Tbilisi, Georgia.svg City of Tbilisi

    		 1,108,717 502
    Source: Geostat,[43] Tbilisi City Hall[44]

    Most of the raions are named after historic quarters of the city. The citizens of Tbilisi widely recognise an informal system of smaller historic neighbourhoods. Such neighbourhoods are several, however, constituting a kind of hierarchy, because most of them have lost their distinctive topographic limits. The natural first level of subdivision of the city is into the Right Bank and the Left Bank of the Mt’k’vari.

    The names of the oldest neighbourhoods go back to the early Middle Ages and sometimes pose a great linguistic interest. The newest whole-built developments bear chiefly residential marketing names.

    In pre-Revolution Tiflis, the Georgian quarter was confined to the southeastern part of the city; Baedeker describes the layout succinctly:

    In the north part of the town, on the left bank of the Kurá and to the south of the railway station, stretches the clean German Quarter, formerly occupied by German immigrants from Württemberg (1818). To the south is the Gruzinian or Georgian Quarter (Avlabár). On the right bank of the Kurá is the Russian Quarter, the seat of the officials and of the larger business firms. This is adjoined on the south by the Armenian and Persian Bazaars.

    — Karl Baedeker, Russia: A Handbook for Travelers[45]

    Geography[edit]

    Tbilisi, especially Old Town, has a complex terrain, with hills and cliffs

    Location[edit]

    Tbilisi is located in the South Caucasus at 41° 43′ North and 44° 47′ East. The city lies in Eastern Georgia on both banks of the Kura River (locally known as Mtkvari). The elevation of the city ranges from 380–770 metres above sea level (1,250–2,530 ft) and has the shape of an amphitheatre surrounded by mountains on three sides. To the north, Tbilisi is bounded by the Saguramo Range, to the east and south-east by the Iori Plain, to the south and west by various endings (subranges) of the Trialeti Range.

    The relief of Tbilisi is complex. The part of the city which lies on the left bank of the Kura River extends for more than 30 km (19 mi) from the Avchala District to River Lochini. The part of the city which lies on the right side of the river, though, is built along the foothills of the Trialeti Range, the slopes of which in many cases descend all the way to the edges of the river. The mountains, therefore, are a significant barrier to urban development on its right bank. This type of a geographic environment creates pockets of very densely developed areas, while other parts of the city are left undeveloped due to the complex topographic relief.

    To the north of the city, a large reservoir (commonly known as the Tbilisi Sea) is fed by irrigation canals.

    Climate[edit]

    Tbilisi has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfa) with considerable continental and semi-arid influences. The city experiences hot, humid summers and moderately cold winters. Like other regions of Georgia, Tbilisi receives significant rainfall throughout the year with no distinct dry period. The city’s climate is influenced both by dry (Central Asian/Siberian) air masses from the east and oceanic (Atlantic/Black Sea) air masses from the west. Because the city is bounded on most sides by mountain ranges, the close proximity to large bodies of water (Black and Caspian Seas) and the fact that the Greater Caucasus Mountains Range (further to the north) blocks the intrusion of cold air masses from Russia, Tbilisi has a relatively mild microclimate compared to other cities that possess a similar climate along the same latitudes.

    The average annual temperature in Tbilisi is 13.3 °C (55.9 °F). January is the coldest month with an average temperature of 2.3 °C (36.1 °F). July is the hottest month with an average temperature of 24.9 °C (76.8 °F). Daytime high temperatures reach or exceed 32 °C (90 °F) on an average of 22 days during a typical year. The absolute minimum recorded temperature is −24.4 °C (−11.9 °F) in January 1883 and the absolute maximum is 42.0 °C (107.6 °F) on 17 July 1882.[46] Average annual precipitation is 495.5 mm (19.5 in). May is the wettest month (averaging 77.6 mm (3.1 in) of precipitation) while January is the driest (averaging 18.9 mm (0.7 in) of precipitation). Snow falls on average 15–25 days per year. The surrounding mountains often trap the clouds within and around the city, mainly during the Spring and Autumn months, resulting in prolonged rainy and/or cloudy weather. Northwesterly winds dominate in most parts of Tbilisi throughout the year. Southeasterly winds are common as well.

    Climate data for Tbilisi (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1881–present)
    Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
    Record high °C (°F) 19.5
    (67.1)     		22.4
    (72.3)     		28.9
    (84.0)     		34.4
    (93.9)     		35.1
    (95.2)     		40.2
    (104.4)     		42.0
    (107.6)     		40.4
    (104.7)     		37.9
    (100.2)     		33.3
    (91.9)     		27.2
    (81.0)     		22.8
    (73.0)     		42.0
    (107.6)
    Average high °C (°F) 6.6
    (43.9)     		7.7
    (45.9)     		12.6
    (54.7)     		18.9
    (66.0)     		23.1
    (73.6)     		28.1
    (82.6)     		31.2
    (88.2)     		30.9
    (87.6)     		26.4
    (79.5)     		19.8
    (67.6)     		12.8
    (55.0)     		8.4
    (47.1)     		18.9
    (66.0)
    Daily mean °C (°F) 2.3
    (36.1)     		3.1
    (37.6)     		7.2
    (45.0)     		12.7
    (54.9)     		17.2
    (63.0)     		21.7
    (71.1)     		24.9
    (76.8)     		24.7
    (76.5)     		20.2
    (68.4)     		14.2
    (57.6)     		7.9
    (46.2)     		3.7
    (38.7)     		13.3
    (55.9)
    Average low °C (°F) −0.8
    (30.6)     		0.0
    (32.0)     		3.2
    (37.8)     		8.4
    (47.1)     		12.4
    (54.3)     		16.5
    (61.7)     		19.8
    (67.6)     		19.5
    (67.1)     		15.4
    (59.7)     		10.4
    (50.7)     		4.9
    (40.8)     		1.3
    (34.3)     		9.3
    (48.7)
    Record low °C (°F) −24.4
    (−11.9)     		−14.8
    (5.4)     		−12.8
    (9.0)     		−3.8
    (25.2)     		1.0
    (33.8)     		6.3
    (43.3)     		9.3
    (48.7)     		8.9
    (48.0)     		0.8
    (33.4)     		−6.4
    (20.5)     		−7.1
    (19.2)     		−20.5
    (−4.9)     		−24.4
    (−11.9)
    Average precipitation mm (inches) 21
    (0.8)     		23
    (0.9)     		29
    (1.1)     		51
    (2.0)     		92
    (3.6)     		85
    (3.3)     		49
    (1.9)     		37
    (1.5)     		27
    (1.1)     		41
    (1.6)     		29
    (1.1)     		23
    (0.9)     		507
    (20.0)
    Average rainy days 4 4 8 12 12 10 7 8 9 10 10 6 100
    Average snowy days 6 8 3 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 1 4 22
    Average relative humidity (%) 74 72 68 66 67 64 61 62 66 73 76 76 69
    Mean monthly sunshine hours 99 102 142 171 213 249 256 248 206 164 103 93 2,046
    Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net[46]
    Source 2: NOAA (Sunshine hours 1961–1990)[47]
    Climate data for Tbilisi Airport (1981–2010)
    Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
    Record high °C (°F) 16.9
    (62.4)     		20.8
    (69.4)     		26.3
    (79.3)     		34.3
    (93.7)     		33.1
    (91.6)     		38.2
    (100.8)     		39.4
    (102.9)     		40.2
    (104.4)     		37.4
    (99.3)     		32.2
    (90.0)     		24.7
    (76.5)     		19.9
    (67.8)     		40.2
    (104.4)
    Average high °C (°F) 6.6
    (43.9)     		7.6
    (45.7)     		12.3
    (54.1)     		18.6
    (65.5)     		22.8
    (73.0)     		27.7
    (81.9)     		31.1
    (88.0)     		30.9
    (87.6)     		26.1
    (79.0)     		19.4
    (66.9)     		12.4
    (54.3)     		7.6
    (45.7)     		18.7
    (65.7)
    Daily mean °C (°F) 1.3
    (34.3)     		2.7
    (36.9)     		6.8
    (44.2)     		12.6
    (54.7)     		17.0
    (62.6)     		21.5
    (70.7)     		24.5
    (76.1)     		23.9
    (75.0)     		19.5
    (67.1)     		13.2
    (55.8)     		7.7
    (45.9)     		3.3
    (37.9)     		12.8
    (55.0)
    Average low °C (°F) −1.0
    (30.2)     		−0.7
    (30.7)     		2.8
    (37.0)     		8.0
    (46.4)     		12.4
    (54.3)     		16.6
    (61.9)     		20.0
    (68.0)     		19.7
    (67.5)     		15.7
    (60.3)     		10.4
    (50.7)     		4.6
    (40.3)     		0.4
    (32.7)     		9.1
    (48.4)
    Record low °C (°F) −24.1
    (−11.4)     		−13.1
    (8.4)     		−8.0
    (17.6)     		−2.4
    (27.7)     		2.2
    (36.0)     		8.3
    (46.9)     		13.0
    (55.4)     		12.1
    (53.8)     		5.5
    (41.9)     		−0.7
    (30.7)     		−6.4
    (20.5)     		−10.9
    (12.4)     		−24.1
    (−11.4)
    Average precipitation mm (inches) 20.2
    (0.80)     		26.5
    (1.04)     		32.8
    (1.29)     		56.4
    (2.22)     		86.2
    (3.39)     		72.1
    (2.84)     		48.2
    (1.90)     		43.8
    (1.72)     		42.7
    (1.68)     		42.7
    (1.68)     		35.2
    (1.39)     		25.0
    (0.98)     		531.6
    (20.93)
    Source: World Meteorological Organization[48]

    Demographics[edit]

    Population[edit]

    Main ethnic groups of Tbilisi

    Year

    Georgians

    %

    Armenians

    %

    Russians

    %

    TOTAL
    1780[49] 50,000 66.7% 10,000 13.3%

    –

    –

    		 75,000
    1790[50] 44,000 61.1% 14,860 16.7%

    –

    –

    		 72,000
    1801-3[51] 4,300 21.5% 14,860 74.3%

    –

    –

    		 20,000
    1864/65 winter[52] 14,878 24.8% 28,404 47.3% 12,462 20.7% 60,085
    1864/65 summer[52] 14,787 20.8% 31,180 43.9% 12,142 17.1% 71,051
    1876[53] 22,156 21.3% 37,610 36.1% 30,813 29.6% 104,024
    1897[54] 42,206[b] 26.4% 47,133[c] 29.5% 44,823 28.1% 159,590
    1916[56] 37,584 10.8% 149,294 43.1% 91,997 26.5% 346,766
    1926[29] 112,014 38.1% 100,148 34.1% 45,937 15.6% 294,044
    1939[29] 228,394 44% 137,331 26.4% 93,337 18% 519,220
    1959[29] 336,257 48.4% 149,258 21.5% 125,674 18.1% 694,664
    1970[29] 511,379 57.5% 150,205 16.9% 124,316 14% 889,020
    1979[29] 653,242 62.1% 152,767 14.5% 129,122 12.3% 1,052,734
    1989[57] 824,412 66.1% 150,138 12.0% 124,867 10.0% 1,246,936
    2002[58] 910,712 84.2% 82,586 7.6% 32,580 3% 1,081,679
    2014[59] 996,804 89.9% 53,409 4.8% 13,350 1.2% 1,108,717

    As a multiethnic city, Tbilisi is home to more than 100 ethnic groups. Around 89% of the population consists of ethnic Georgians, with significant populations of other ethnic groups such as Armenians, Russians, and Azerbaijanis. Along with the above-mentioned groups, Tbilisi is home to other ethnic groups including Ossetians, Abkhazians, Ukrainians, Greeks, Jews, Assyrians, Yazidis, and others.[28][29][52][53][58]

    Religion[edit]

    More than 95% of the residents of Tbilisi practise some form of Christianity (the most predominant of which is the Georgian Orthodox Church). The Russian Orthodox Church, which is in full communion with the Georgian Orthodox Church, and the Armenian Apostolic Church have significant followings, as well. A minority of the population (around 1.5%) practises Islam (mainly Shia Islam), while about 0.1% of Tbilisi’s population practises Judaism.[60] Also, a Roman Catholic church and the Yazidi Sultan Ezid Temple are found there.[61][62]

    Sports[edit]

    Until the beginning of the 19th century, sports such as horse-riding (polo in particular), wrestling, boxing, and marksmanship were the most popular city sports. Influence from the Russian Empire brought more Western sports and activities (billiards, fencing) to Tbilisi.

    The Soviet period brought an increased popularization of sports that were common in Europe and to a certain extent, the United States. At the same time, Tbilisi developed the necessary sports infrastructure for professional sports. By 1978, the city had around 250 large and small sports facilities, including, among others, four indoor and six outdoor Olympic-sized pools, 185 basketball courts and halls, 192 volleyball facilities, 82 handball arenas, 19 tennis courts, 31 football fields, and five stadiums. The largest stadium in Tbilisi is the Dinamo Arena (55,000 seats) and the second-largest is the Mikheil Meskhi Stadium (24,680 seats). The Sports Palace, which usually hosts basketball games with high attendance and tennis tournaments, can seat about 11,000 people. Vere Basketball Hall is a smaller indoor sports arena with 2,500 in seating capacity.

    Football is the most popular sport in Tbilisi, followed by rugby union and basketball.[63] Also, popular sports include wrestling, tennis, swimming, and water polo. It has several professional football and rugby teams, as well as wrestling clubs. U.S. National Basketball Association players Zaza Pachulia and Nikoloz Tskitishvili are Tbilisi natives. Outside of professional sports, the city has a number of intercollegiate and amateur sports teams and clubs.

    Tbilisi’s signature football club, Dinamo Tbilisi, has not won a major European championship since the 1980–1981 season, when it won the European UEFA Cup Winners’ Cup and became the easternmost team in Europe to achieve the feat. The basketball club Dinamo Tbilisi won the Euroleague in 1962, but also never repeated any such feat.

    Tbilisi was to host Group A matches for the EuroBasket 2021 at the new 10,000-seat Tbilisi Arena (next to the Olympic Palace), as one of the tournament co-hosts alongside Czech Republic (Prague), Germany (Berlin, Cologne), and Italy (Milan).[64][65]

    Club Sport Stadium
    Lelo Saracens Rugby Union Lelo Sport Centre
    RC Armazi Tbilisi Rugby Union Shevardeni Stadium
    RC Locomotive Tbilisi Rugby Union Avchala Stadium
    RC Army Tbilisi Rugby Union Avchala Stadium
    FC Dinamo Tbilisi Football Boris Paichadze Stadium
    FC Lokomotivi Tbilisi Football Mikheil Meskhi Stadium
    FC Saburtalo Tbilisi Football Bendela Stadium
    FC WIT Georgia Football Mikheil Meskhi Stadium #2
    BC Dinamo Tbilisi Basketball Tbilisi Sports Palace
    BC TSU Tbilisi Basketball Tbilisi Sports Palace
    BC MIA Academy Basketball Tbilisi Sports Palace
    BC Armia Basketball Tbilisi Sports Palace
    Maccabi Brinkford Tbilisi Basketball Tbilisi Sports Palace
    B.C. VITA Tbilisi Basketball Tbilisi Sports Palace

    Media[edit]

    The large majority of Georgia’s media companies (including television, newspaper, and radio) are headquartered in Tbilisi. The city is home to the popular Rustavi 2 television channel which gained considerable fame after its coverage of the Rose Revolution. In addition to Rustavi 2, the remaining three out of the four major public television channels of Georgia (including Imedi TV Maestro and the Public Broadcasting Channel) are based in the city. Tbilisi’s television market has experienced notable changes since the second half of 2005 when Rustavi 2 successfully bought out the Mze TV company and Rupert Murdoch’s News Corporation became a shareholder of Imedi Media Holding at the beginning of 2006.

    Tbilisi has a number of newspaper publishing houses. Some of the most noteworthy newspapers include the daily 24 Saati («24 Hours»), Rezonansi («Resonance»), Alia, the English-language daily The Messenger, weekly FINANCIAL, Georgia Today, and the English-language weekly The Georgian Times. Out of the city’s radio stations Imedi Radio (105.9 FM), Fortuna, and Radio 105 are some of the most influential competitors with large national audiences.

    Radio stations in Tbilisi include 5 Lines Radio (93.8 FM), Europe +Tbilisi (99.6 FM), and Georgian Patriarchy Radio (105.4 FM).[66]

    Culture[edit]

    Architecture[edit]

    The architecture in the city is a mixture of local (Georgian) and Byzantine, Neoclassical, Art Nouveau, Beaux-Arts, Middle Eastern, and Soviet modern styles.[67] Very few buildings survived the destruction of the city in 1795, so most historical buildings in Tbilisi date to the Russian Imperial period (1801–1917). The oldest parts of the city (Kala, Abanotubani, Avlabari) were largely rebuilt on their medieval street plans, and some old houses were even rebuilt on much older foundations. The areas of downtown Tbilisi which were developed according to a European-style plan by Russian authorities (Sololaki, Rustaveli Avenue, Vera, etc.) have a Western appearance, with a mix of styles popular in Europe at the time: Beaux Arts, Orientalist, and various period revival styles.

    Tbilisi is most notable for its abundance of Art Nouveau buildings and details (common in Sololaki and Chughureti), which flourished from the mid-1890s to through the end of Russian rule. Art Nouveau was decreed as bourgeois by communist authorities, who introduced experimental modern architecture. The more conservative and historically-inflected Stalinist architecture in Georgia is embodied by the 1938 Marx-Engels-Lenin Institute building («Imeli»), now housing the Biltmore Hotel Tbilisi.[citation needed]

    Tbilisi’s postwar architecture is similar to the brand of midcentury modernism found across the Soviet Union. The city expanded dramatically in response to a housing crisis after World War II. Entire neighborhoods (Saburtalo, Dighomi) appeared on the outskirts of the city in a matter of decades, built with advances in mass-production technology. Georgian architects produced some of the Soviet Union’s most interesting architectural achievements, including Tbilisi’s 1975 Ministry of Roads and the 1984 Wedding Palace. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, the urban landscape is largely characterized by unregulated construction. New towers occupy formerly public spaces and overcrowded apartment buildings sprout «kamikaze loggia» overnight. Since 2004, the city government has taken initiatives to curb uncontrolled construction projects with mixed success. Soon Tbilisi will have three skyscraper complexes. The Axis Towers, Redix Chavchavadze 64, and the new Ajara Hotel/Business Complex, which is currently under construction, will be the tallest buildings/skyscrapers in the Caucasus.[citation needed]

    Art museums and galleries[edit]

    The Georgian National Museum gathers several important museums, including the Art Museum of Georgia. The Museum of Modern Art was founded in 2012.[68] Two independent contemporary art organisations, Kunsthalle Tbilisi[69][70] and Open Space of Experimental Art,[71] were founded in 2018.

    Performing arts[edit]

    The city has important theatre and music institutions, such as the Tbilisi State Conservatoire, the Tbilisi Opera and Ballet Theatre, the Shota Rustaveli State Academic Theatre, Marjanishvili State Academic Theatre, Rezo Gabriadze Marionette Theatre and Royal District Theatre.

    Film Festival[edit]

    The Tbilisi International Film Festival (TIFF) is hosted by the Cinema Art Center, Prometheus. It was first held in 2000, within a larger framework of festivals called Gift, until the Prometheus centre was established in 2002, after which it has been held there.[72][73] It is located at 164 Agmashenebeli Avenue.[74]

    World Book Capital[edit]

    Tbilisi was designated as the World Book Capital for 2021 by UNESCO.[75]

    Tourism[edit]

    Freedom square (Tavisupleba) with St. George column at night, Tbilisi, September 2018

    Georgia’s growing popularity as an international tourist destination has put Tbilisi on the global travel map. With the country hosting more than 9 million international visitors in 2019, the capital saw major investments in the hospitality industry. It now is the leading tourist destination in the region, offering exquisite cityscapes, Art Deco, Russian, Eastern and Soviet architecture, national museums and galleries, cultural attractions, festivals, historical landmarks and exceptional, traditional Georgian cuisine along with a wide range of international restaurants. The city is well-known, due to its complicated history, as a melting pot of cultures, a diverse metropolis with a palette of attractions.[76]

    Main sights[edit]

    Tbilisi has important landmarks and sightseeing locations. The Parliament and the government (State Chancellery) buildings of Georgia, the Supreme Court of Georgia, the Sameba Cathedral, the Vorontsov’s Palace (also known as the Children’s Palace today), the National Public Library of the Parliament of Georgia, the National Bank of Georgia, Tbilisi Circus, The Bridge of Peace, and many state museums are in Tbilisi. During the Soviet times, Tbilisi continuously ranked in the top four cities in the Soviet Union for the number of museums.

    Out of the city’s historic landmarks, the most notable are the Narikala fortress (4th–17th century), Anchiskhati Basilica (6th century, built up in the 16th century), Sioni Cathedral (8th century, later rebuilt), and Church of Metekhi, Open Air Museum of Ethnography, Sulfur Bath, and Tbilisi Old City.

    Nightlife[edit]

    Beyond traditional attractions, Tbilisi has developed burgeoning nightclub culture which started to attract international media attention in the 2010s. The leading clubs such as Bassiani, Mtkvarze, Khidi, and Café Gallery have featured major international DJs as well as local performers. Due to the growing queer nightlife scene the city is also home to several underground LGBTQ+ venues.[77][78][79]

    Economy[edit]

    High-rise residential and office buildings in Vake.

    With a GDP at basic prices of 12,147 million Georgian lari (€4.3 billion) in 2014, Tbilisi is the economic center of the country, generating almost 50 percent of Georgia’s GDP. The service sector, including government services, is dominating and contributes 88 percent to GDP. Its GDP per capita of 10,336 Georgian lari (€3,600) is exceeding the national average by more than 50 percent. The service sector itself is dominated by the wholesale and retail trade sector, reflecting the role of Tbilisi as transit and logistics hub for the country and the South Caucasus. The manufacturing sector contributes only 12 percent to Tbilisi’s GDP, but is much larger, by employment and total value added, than the manufacturing sectors in any other region of Georgia. The unemployment rate in Tbilisi is – with 22.5 percent – significantly higher in Tbilisi than in the regions.[80]

    Transport[edit]

    The public transport system and the relevant infrastructure in Tbilisi is primarily managed by the Transport and Urban Development Agency. After decades of poor transport services and the prioritisation of private vehicles, the city has since the 2010s, invested heavily in developing a green, extensive and diverse public transit network. Today, the city is served by an international airport, metro and national rail services, municipal buses, minibuses, cabs, cable cars, bike lanes and a funicular.

    Airport[edit]

    Shota Rustaveli Tbilisi International Airport is Tbilisi’s only international airport, located about 18 kilometres (11 miles) southeast of the city center. Handling 3.69 million passengers in 2019, it is the busiest airport in Georgia and the seventeenth busiest airport in the former Soviet Union. The airport has been rapidly growing over the past decade, handling more than 3.56 million passengers in 11 months of 2018.[81] It is a hub for the national carrier Georgian Airways and Georgian-Chinese start-up Myway Airlines.
    Various international carriers serve routes to major European and Asian hubs, such as London, Munich, Berlin, Amsterdam, Dubai, Brussels, Milan, Vienna, Paris, and Doha. The Irish ultra-low-cost carrier Ryanair started operating from the airport in 2019.

    Tbilisi International Airport in 2016 started to utilize solar energy and became the first «green airport» in the Caucasus region in 2008.

    Natakhtari Airfield, located 33 km north of Tbilisi in the town of Natakhtari, is a domestic airport serving the capital on routes to Batumi, Mestia and Ambrolauri.

    Metro[edit]

    Tbilisi Metro, known for its depth, provides 9 million rides per month.

    Tbilisi Funicular

    Aerial tramway connecting Europe Square to Narikala, the fortress that overlooks the city.

    The Tbilisi Metro serves the city with rapid transit subway services. More than 400 thousand journeys are made on the system every single day. It was the Soviet Union’s fourth metro system. Construction began in 1952 and was finished in 1966. The system operates two lines, the Akhmeteli-Varketili Line and the Saburtalo Line. It has 23 stations and 186 metro cars. Most stations, characteristic to Soviet-built metro systems, are extravagantly decorated. Trains run from 6:00 am to midnight. Due to the uneven ground, the rail lines run above ground in some areas. Two of the stations are above ground.

    In 2020 it was announced by the city government that the metro system is set for a major upgrade with the renovation of all stations, targeting more sustainable and modern design, as well as step-free wheelchair accessibility. Moreover, Tbilisi will purchase 40 new, modern train cars, or 10 trains, becoming the first major rolling stock upgrade in the network’s more than 50-year-old history.[82]

    The third overground line is planned to connect central Tbilisi with suburbs and Tbilisi International Airport with a possible extension to Rustavi, 30 km east of Tbilisi.[83]

    Rail[edit]

    Tbilisi is the busiest intersection of Georgian Railways services, primarily centred within Tbilisi Central Railway Station. From there, the national rail operator offers inter-city services to Batumi, Zugdidi, Poti, Ozurgeti, Kutaisi and other large cities, as well as several suburban rail services.

    Buses[edit]

    Tbilisi’s bus network forms a crucial backbone of the city’s transit system. For almost a decade, up to 700 outdated buses of various size were serving the city, majority of them were Ukrainian Bogdan A144 and A092 models. Nowadays the city has an extensive network of municipal buses, including a growing number of night bus services. In August 2020, the mayor of Tbilisi Kakha Kaladze announced major changes in the existing public transit system. Notably, the city will introduce 10 Bus Rapid Transit corridors in the nearest future, served by large 18 meters long buses, running with significantly shorter intervals. These services are named TBT(Tbilisi Bus Transit) lines and are indexed numbers from 300 until 310. Besides the TBT lines, the new system includes 44 city and 185 local lines, totalling up to over 240 bus routes within the city.[84]

    The initial reorganization of the bus network started in 2016 when back then-mayor of Tbilisi Davit Narmania started an ambitious project in efforts to revamp the outdated fleet. Under his city government, 143 energy-efficient MAN Lion’s City buses were purchased and delivered in 2017.[85] New MAN Lion’s City Later in 2018, the tender was announced to order 90 new buses. Tegeta trucks&Buses won the tender and delivered 90 Man Lion’s City low floor buses to the city in early 2019.[86] Later on, the city purchased more than 400 new buses from two different manufacturers, including 12-meter long, low floor BMC vehicles and shorter 8.5 meters long Isuzu city buses. It was also announced that the city will be buying 200 18 meter long articulated buses in the nearest future in hopes of further expanding the city’s bus network and decreasing intervals.[87]

    Cycling[edit]

    Cycling has been becoming increasingly popular among the residents of Tbilisi over the past few years. For decades, this green mode of transport was seen unfit for the mountainous and uneven terrain of the city. However, as the city’s government started introducing new bike lanes across the city, a rising number of people turned towards bikes for regular use. One of the first major central Tbilisi bike lanes opened along Pekini Avenue in 2017, following the long rehabilitation process.[88] The 2.8 meter wide lane failed to attract regular users amid the lack of a greater, city-wide network. Soon the city unveiled more bike lanes, including within recreational areas, such as the National Botanical Garden of Georgia and Lisi Lake.

    The expansion of the city’s cycling infrastructure network was significantly accelerated during the COVID-19 pandemic as cities across the globe started organising pop-up bike lanes. Tbilisi joined the global trend, unveiling cycling lanes in city’s central areas, such as Vake, Vera and the bank of the Kura River. Following these changes, the total length of Tbilisi’s bike lanes increased from 2 km in 2019 to over 20 km in 2020. The head of the city’s transport department told Euronews Georgia that Tbilisi is working on a 20-year long urban mobility development strategy. According to the plan, the total length of the bike lane network will eventually reach 350 km across the capital.[89]

    Tram[edit]

    Tbilisi had a tram network, since 1883 starting from horse-driven trams and from 25 December 1904 electric tramway. When the Soviet Union disintegrated, electric transport went to a degradation state within the years and finally the only tram line left was closed on 4 December 2006 together with two trolleybus lines which were left.[90][91] There are plans to construct a modern tram network.[92][93]

    Minibus[edit]

    For a long time, the most dominant form of transport was the minibus network. An elaborate minibus system grew in Tbilisi over the early 2000s. Amid the lack of public funding and rundown infrastructure, minibuses emerged as a private initiative and a short-term resolution to the city transportation problem. In 2019, the company operating yellow minibuses in Tbilisi was asked to replace the entire fleet by the end of 2020.[94] However, the process was slowed down and only 300 minibuses were replaced. The mayor of Tbilisi announced that the number of minibuses in Tbilisi will gradually decrease, eventually vanishing from Tbilisi’s streets.

    In addition to the city, several lines also serve the surrounding countryside of Tbilisi. Throughout the city, a fixed price is paid regardless of the distance (80 or 50 tetri in 2018). For longer trips outside the city, higher fares are common. As of April 2018, there are no predefined stops for the minibus lines, except 14 streets,[95] they are hailed from the streets like taxis and each passenger can exit whenever he likes.

    Aerial tramways[edit]

    Historically, the city had seven different aerial tramways, but all of them closed after the collapse of the Soviet Union.

    Since 2012, Tbilisi has a modern, high-capacity gondola lift which operates between Rike Park and the Narikala fortress; each gondola can carry up to 8 persons. The system was built by the Italian manufacturer Leitner Ropeways.[96]

    Since October 12, 2016, Turtle Lake aerial tramway (originally opened in 1965) reopened after seven years out of service. It underwent major reconstruction but kept the old designs of gondolas and stations. This tramway connects Vake Park with Turtle Lake.

    Since October 2016, another Soviet-era aerial tramway between State University (Maglivi) and University Campus (Bagebi) in Saburtalo District (originally opened in 1982) is being reconstructed after 13 years of abandonment and is due for opening in April 2018. The original Italian-produced cabins produced by Lovisolo and provided by Ceretti & Tanfani, with a capacity of 40 passengers each, are being kept as well as the stations.

    Due to mismanagement at the hands of Soviet authorities,[citation needed] one of the main aerial trams experienced a major malfunction, causing the 1990 Tbilisi aerial tramway accident and remaining closed ever since.[97] Since October 2017, the aerial tram has been under reconstruction, keeping the old culturally significant lower station but with plans for new gondolas, masts, upper station and other infrastructure. The project is carried out by Doppelmayr Garaventa Group.

    Funicular[edit]

    Tbilisi funicular reopened 2012 after a multi-year closure. It is a ropeway railway first built 1905, connecting Chonkadze street and Mtatsminda Park, and covering almost 300 m (980 ft) in altitude difference. The top of the hill is the highest point of the city, offering many different views of Tbilisi, and is home to the Tbilisi TV Broadcasting Tower as well as some amusement rides, including a roller-coaster and a ferris wheel.

    The half-way station of the funicular is just a short way away from Mtatsminda Pantheon, providing easy access to the necropolis.

    Education[edit]

    Tbilisi is home to several major institutions of higher education including the Tbilisi State Medical University and the Petre Shotadze Tbilisi Medical Academy, famous for their internationally recognised medical education system. The biggest Georgian university is Tbilisi State University which was established on 8 February 1918. TSU is the oldest university in the whole Caucasus region. Over 35,000 students are enrolled and the number of faculty and staff (collaborators) is approximately 5,000. Tbilisi is also home to the largest medical university in Caucasus region – Tbilisi State Medical University, which was founded as Tbilisi Medical Institute in 1918 and became the Faculty of Medicine within the Tbilisi State University (TSU) in 1930. Tbilisi State Medical Institute was renamed to Medical University in 1992. Since that university operates as an independent educational institution, TSMU became one of the high-ranking state-supported institutions of higher education in the Caucasus region. There are[when?] almost 5000 undergraduate and 203 postgraduate students at the university of whom 10% come from foreign countries.

    Georgia’s main and largest technical university, Georgian Technical University, is in Tbilisi. Georgian Technical University was founded in 1922 as a polytechnic faculty of the Tbilisi State University. The first lecture was read by the world-famous Georgian mathematician Professor Andria Razmadze. It achieved University status by 1990. The three most popular private higher educational institution in Georgia —The University of Georgia (Tbilisi), Caucasus University, and the Free University of Tbilisi – are in Tbilisi.

    The University of Georgia (Tbilisi) is the largest private University in Georgia, with more than 3500 international and local students. It was established in 2005 and soon became a market leader within Georgian educational sector. In 2010, the UG received financing from OPIC (Overseas Private Investment Corporation) for a development of the University’s infrastructure and technical equipment. The University of Georgia has various undergraduate and graduate programs and it’s the first company in Georgia which offers international certificate programs of the Oracle Corporation, Microsoft, Zend technologies and Cisco Academy.

    Caucasus University was established in 2004 as an expansion of the Caucasus School of Business (CSB) (established in 1998) by a consortium consisting of Tbilisi State University and Georgian Technical University in partnership with Georgia State University (Atlanta, USA). The Free University of Tbilisi was established in 2007 through the merger of two higher education schools: European School of Management (ESM-Tbilisi) and Tbilisi Institute of Asia and Africa (TIAA). Today Free University comprises three schools — Business School (ESM), Institute of Asia and Africa and Law School — delivering academic programs at the undergraduate, graduate and doctorate levels. In addition, Free University conducts a wide array of short-term courses and runs several research centers and summer school programs.

    Higher educational institutions in Tbilisi:

    • Tbilisi State University
    • Ilia State University
    • Georgian Technical University
    • Tbilisi State Conservatory
    • Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film University
    • Sulkhan-Saba Orbeliani University
    • Tbilisi State Academy of Arts
    • The University of Georgia (Tbilisi)
    • Tbilisi State Medical University
    • Caucasus University
    • Caucasus International University
    • Tbilisi Medical Academy
    • Free University of Tbilisi
    • Grigol Robakidze University – Alma Mater
    • Georgian American University
    • International Black Sea University
    • Georgian Institute of Public Affairs
    • Agricultural University of Georgia
    • International School of Economics (ISET)
    • The University of Geomedi
    • New Vision University[98]

    Panoramic view of Tbilisi from Narikala in 2016.

    [edit]

    Tbilisi is home to many foreigners. The number of foreigners living and working in Tbilisi has risen in recent years together with the openings of international schools, businesses, expatriate communities, and online networks. Tbilisi is a very safe city.[99] Most of the expatriates live in Vake, Vera, Saburtalo, and Dighomi.

    • IWA, the International Women Association, is a non-profit organization founded in 1996; its members and participants are international and Georgian women.
    • Expats in Tbilisi was an online support network founded by UN and EU staff spouses in Georgia to support expatriates in finding information and all relevant resources in one place.
    • Inter-nation International[100]

    Remnants of city walls, recently found in central Tbilisi

    International relations[edit]

    Twin towns and sister cities[edit]

    Tbilisi is twinned with:[100]

    • Saarbrücken, Germany (1975)[100]
    • Nantes, France (1979)[100]
    • Ljubljana, Slovenia (1977)[100][101]
    • Innsbruck, Austria (1982)[100]
    • Atlanta, United States (1987)[100]
    • Palermo, Italy (1987)[100]
    • Bristol, United Kingdom (1988)[100][102]
    • Bilbao, Spain (1989)[100]
    • Yerevan, Armenia (1996)[100][103][104]
    • Kyiv, Ukraine (1999)[100]
    • Astana, Kazakhstan (2005)[100]
    • Vilnius, Lithuania (2009)[100]
    • Chișinău, Moldova (2011)[105]
    • Cairo, Egypt (2012)
    • Doha, Qatar (2012)[106]
    • Tehran, Iran (2015)[107]
    • Minsk, Belarus (2015) (partner since 1994)
    • Istanbul, Turkey (2016) (partner since 2006)[108]
    • Sofia, Bulgaria (2016)
    • Lima, Peru (2018)
    • Baku, Azerbaijan (2021)

    (partner since 1997)[109]

    • Bucharest, Romania (2022)

    Partnerships[edit]

    • Odesa, Ukraine (1996)
    • Ankara, Turkey (1996)
    • Baku, Azerbaijan (1997)
    • Athens, Greece (1997)
    • Paris, France (1997)
    • Jerusalem, Israel (1998)
    • Riga, Latvia (2007)
    • Kraków, Poland[110] (2009)
    • Warsaw, Poland (2010)
    • Budapest, Hungary (2011)
    • Kharkiv, Ukraine (2012)
    • Lviv, Ukraine (2013)
    • Lincoln, United States (2013)
    • Guangzhou, China (2014)
    • Lublin, Poland (2014)
    • Dublin, Ireland (2014)
    • Prague, Czech Republic[111]

    See also[edit]

    • Abo Tbileli, the patron saint of Tbilisi
    • Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline
    • List of Tbilisians

    Notes[edit]

    1. ^ Tbilisi is known by its former name Tiflis in a number of major languages, notably in Spanish, Persian, German, Turkish and others. Pre-1936 Russian sources use Tiflis as well.
    2. ^ Denotes the number of native speakers of Kartvelian languages.
    3. ^ Denotes the number of native speakers of Armenian; the number of Armenian Apostolics and Armenian Catholics was 50,801 or 31.8%.[55]

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    Further reading[edit]

    • Postcard from the Silk Road -(Georgia), TRAVELS – ESPECIALLY FOR „ZNAD WILII”, Leonard Drożdżewicz, „Znad Wilii”, Viešoji įstaiga „Znad Wilii” kultūros plėtros draugija,ISSN 1392-9712 indeks 327956 nr 1 (57) z 2014 r., pp. 87–98, (in Polish) http://www.znadwiliiwilno.lt/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Znad-Wilii-57m.pdf
    • Tbilisi’s largely forgotten and neglected Armenian heritage

    External links[edit]

    Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tbilisi.

    Wikiquote has quotations related to Tbilisi.

    Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Tbilisi.

    • Official website of the City of Tbilisi
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